1. 10.3 Plant Structures * Means Vocabulary word

2. Roots Roots: anchor a plant in the ground, absorb water and minerals from the soil, sometimes store food

3. Root Types There are 2 Root types: 1) Fiberous- many similar sized roots that form a dense, tangled mass They take a lot of soil when pulled out of the ground EX: lawn grass, corn, onions

4. Root Types Tap Root System Long, thick main root Many small roots branch off of the main root Very hard to pull out of the ground Ex: Carrots, dandelions, cacti

5. Root Structure Roots have many structures. *Root cap: protects the root from injury as the root grows through soil

6. Stems 2 main functons: 1) to carry substances between the plants roots and leaves 2) provides support for the plant and holds up the leaves so they are exposed to the sun

7. Stem Structure 2 types: 1) Woody Stems -hard and rigid (ex: maple tree)

8. Stem Structure The woody stem of a tree contains many different structures. What are the active xylem and phloem on the tree trunk? *Cambium: layer of cells that produce new phloem and xylem Wood Stem Structure phloem Xylem

9. Stems Type 2: Herbaceous -contain no wood and are often soft Ex: daisies, ivy, asparagus

10. Annual Rings Show a tree’s yearly growth Are made from XYLEM – Spring: large with thin cell wall (rapid growth)- light brown color – Summer: small with thick cell wall (slow growth)- dark brown color You an add up the pair of bands to find out how old a tree is!

11. Annual Rings The width of the XYLEM can tell a scientist about the amount of rainfall – Rainy year: wide rings – Dry year: very narrow rings – Becauase of this scientist can tell when an area had a drought many years ago – Ex: in southwestern US scientist found droughts occurred in: 840, 1067, 1379, 1632!

12. Annual Rings Knowing what you just learned how old is this tree and was there ever a drought??

13. Leaves Leaves capture the sun’s energy and carry out the food making process of photosynthesis

14. Leaf Structure The top and bottom of a leaf protect the inside cells Inside of these layers are the veins that house: Xylem and Phloem The surface layers of the leaf have small openings called stomata

15. Leaf Structure *Stomata: small pore that opens and closes to control when gases enter and leave the cell When the stomata is open: carbon dioxide enters & oxygen/water vapor exit

16. Leaves *Transpiration: the process by which water evaporates from a plant’s leaves Plants would lose to much water during a day via transpirations to sustain life (ex: corn plants lose 4 liters of water during summer day) Because of this the stomata is used to make plants not dry out- control open/closing

17. Seeds Inside a seed is a partially developed plant. If a seed lands in an area where conditions are favorable, the plant sprouts out of the seed and begins to grow

18. Seed Structure 3 major parts – 1) Embryo – 2) Stored food – 3) Seed coat

19. Seed Structure *Embryo: the young plant that develops from the zygote, or fertilized egg Already has the beginnings of roots, stems, leaves

20. Seed Structure Stored Food: The food used by an embryo until photosynthesis can begin – Food is stored in cotyledon in most plants While in others its stored outside the embryo

21. Seed Structure Seed Coat – The outside covering of a seed – Acts like plastic wrap: protects embryo from drying out embryo cotyledon Seed Coat

22. Seed Dispersal Dispersal is the term used to describe the scattering of seeds Methods: – Animals – Barb structures – Water – Wind – Ejection

23. Seed Dispersal Animals: – animals eat plants that contain seeds-the seed goes through the digestive system-animal defecates and seed grows in new area Barb Structures: – A structure that has hooks/barbs and hooks to fur/clothing and falls off in a new area

24. Seed Dispersal Water – Seeds fall into rivers and oceans Wind -light weight seeds are dispersed by gust of wind Ejection – Plant ejects their seed and force scatters the seeds into many directions

25. Seed Dispersal Say which picture demonstrates each seed dispersal

26. Germination *Germination: process that occurs when the embryo begins to grow and pushes out of the seed Process: – 1) Seed absorbs water – 2) Embryo uses stored food to begin growing – 3) Roots grow (1 st downward) – 4) Stem and leaves grow upward

27. Germination Label the steps: 2 4 4 3 31

28. Structures of a Flower *Flower: the reproductive structure of an angiosperm A typical flower contains sepals, petals, stamen, and pistils *Pollination: the transfer of pollen from male reproductive structures to female reproductive structures Ex. of pollinators: birds, bats, insects, bees, flies

29. Structure of a Flower Sepals and Petals *Sepals- a leaf like structure that encloses and protects the bud of a flower *Petals-a colorful, leaf like structure of some flowers

30. Structure of a Flower *Stamens-the male reproductive part of a flower

31. Structure of a Flower *Pistils-the female reproductive part of a flower *Ovary-a flower structure that encloses and protects ovules and seeds as they develop – An ovary may contain one or more ovules Style: a slender tube that connects The stigma to a hollow structure at the Base of the flower

32. Structures of a Typical Flower Sepals Petals Stamens Pistils