1. Culture VIII – Ethnic Conflict

2. Why Do Ethnicities Clash?
Competition to dominate nationality
Ethiopia and Eritrea
Sudan
Somalia
Dividing ethnicities among more than one state
India and Pakistan

3. Ethiopia and Eritrea Ethiopia Eritrea Civil War – 1961-1991
665,000 Eritrean refugees fled to Sudan
1991 Eritreans defeated Ethiopia and became independent
Border disputes

4. Sudan South – black Christians and animists
North – Arab Muslims (control gov’t)
Civil War – 1980s-2005
2 million (5%) dead
1 million refugees
Darfur – 2003
Janjaweed – Arab nomads w/gov’t support
450,000 dead (est.)
2.5 million refugees
Genocide?

6. Somalia 9 million people, six ethnic groups, mostly Sunni Muslims
Civil War –
Gov’t collapsed
Somaliland declared independence
300,000 dead from famine and warfare
Islamist took control
1992 – US sent troops
Huge debacle
1994 US withdrew

7. India and Pakistan 1947 – End of colonial rule in India
Creation of East and West Pakistan
Forced migration in the late 1940s

8. Ethnic Cleansing What is it? What is its purpose? Two major examples
Yugoslavia
Rwanda

9. Yugoslavia Creation – unite several Balkan ethnicities
“Yugoslavia has seven neighbors, six republics, five nationalities, four languages, three religions, two alphabets, and one dinar”
Breakup of Yugoslavia in to five states based on five republics
Problem came in Bosnia (considered an ethnicity, not a nationality)

10. Ethnic Groups in the former Yugoslavia

11. Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia
Ethnic groups
Bosnian Muslims – 48%
Serb – 37%
Croat – 14%
Serbs and Croats fought to unite the portions of Bosnia with Serbia and Croatia
Ethnic cleansing of Bosnian Muslims to create a homogeneous population to be united w/Serbia or Croatia
Dayton Accords – 1996
Divided Bosnia & Herzegovina into three regions
Bosnian Serbs – ½ of country
Bosnia Croats – ⅓ of country
Bosnian Muslims – ¼ of country

12. Ethnic Cleansing in Kosovo
Southern Serbia – 90% ethnic Albanian
Albanians maintained control under Tito
Breakup of Yugoslavia Serbia took over control of Kosovo
Ethnic cleansing of ethnic Albanians by Serbs
1999 – 750,000 refugees (out of 2 million total)
NATO UN

13. Balkanization Balkanized Balkanization
Small geographic area that cannot be successfully organized b/c of numerous ethnic groups
Led to WWI
Balkanization
Process by which a state breaks down through conflict among its ethnicities

14. Ethnic Cleansing in Rwanda
Ethnic groups
Hutu (85%) – farmers
Tutsi (15%) – cattle herders
Colonial rule
Germany and then Belgium
Independence – 1962
Hutus killed or ethnically cleansed Tutsis
1994
Presidents of Rwanda and Burundi assassinated
Hutus ethnically cleanse Tutsis and moderate Hutus
800,000 dead in 100 days

15. Ethnic Boundaries vs. State Boundaries