1. CHAPTER 13: EVOLUTION – Evidence of Change
The Diversity of Life
Biodiversity: the diversity of living organisms
Darwin realized that the great number of species was an indication of just how old the Earth really is !
Fitness: the physical traits and behaviors that enable an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment.
Darwin believed fitness arose through two processes:
Common descent: species have descended from common ancestors.
Adaptation: this enabled organisms to be better suited to their environment and better able to survive and reproduce.

2. The Age of the Earth
Fossils are the preserved remains of ancient organisms. This provided evidence for the changes that occurred over millions of years.
The record in the rocks helped to form the Geologic Time Scale
Relative Dating was used to compare layers of rocks and their fossils to determine the approximate ages
Radioactive dating is a more precise technique to determine the age of a fossil. It uses radioactive elements and their half- life value. It’s also known as absolute dating.

3. The Fossil Record
Most fossils are found in sedimentary rock when small particles, as well as dead organisms, are deposited on lake or ocean bottoms.
The record is incomplete due to the quality of fossil preservation and the completeness of the sample (weathering processes and location)
The record tells us the history of organisms and the changes that occurred.

4. Evidence from Living Organisms
Similarities in Early Development: embryos show striking similarities during the early stages of development p. 283.
Homologous structures: are structures that have a different function but a similar build ie leg of a dog and flipper of a whale. p.284
Vestigial organs: parts that resemble small legs, tails or other structures indicating a change took place. Snakes have tiny bones that resemble legs… over years they perhaps were reduced.
Similarities in Chemical compounds: all organisms share the same DNA make up as well as ATP and other proteins.
Fossils
Biogeographical: species were derived in the same location.
Mutations/DNA: change in the DNA structure.