8. Feudalism (900-1500s)

10. Punishable Offenses Threat to church or belief embodied in RC Bible Free will to be ‘good’ ● Autonomy ● Responsibility Threat to lord or king non payment of rents Sin = Deviance

15. The Middle Ages & The Inquisitions

21. Malleus Maleficarum, 1486 “Witch Hammer” Kramer & Sprenger Germany Means of discovery Means of discovery Guidelines for trial and execution Guidelines for trial and execution Trials – crop failures (p. 18) Trials – crop failures (p. 18)

22. Systemic Punishment: Witch Trials Community Centred Goal of Punishment: penance Goal of Punishment: penance Children under 7? Children under 7? Guilt tied to punishment Guilt tied to punishment Torture Torture No witnesses for accused No witnesses for accused Confession = last rites Confession = last rites Effort to appear just and fair Effort to appear just and fair

23. Goals of Justice & Types of Punishment Culture is the context in which collective action takes place (p. 19) Rituals of a Thousand Deaths Purifying Pain or Edifying Shame Making things ‘right’ again with God (lex talionis)

25. “...the recent violence is fueled not by the nation's widespread belief in black magic but instead by economic jealousy born of a mining boom that has widened the country's economic divide and pitted the haves against the have-nots.”