2. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B1 Carbonyl Compounds 34.1Introduction 34.2Nomenclature of Carbonyl Compounds 34.3Physical Properties of Carbonyl Compounds 34.4Preparation of Carbonyl Compounds 34.5Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds 34.6Uses of Carbonyl Compounds Chapter 34

3. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B2 34.1 Introduction (SB p.2) Aldehydes and ketones : carbonyl compounds, contain group General formula of aldehydes: Examples:

4. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B3 34.1 Introduction (SB p.2) General formula of ketones: Examples:

5. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B4 34.1 Introduction (SB p.3) Carbonyl carbon is sp 2 -hybridized The  bond is formed by the head-on overlap of an sp 2 hybrid orbital of C and one p prbital of O The  bond is formed by the side-way overlap of p orbitals of C and O

6. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B5 34.1 Introduction (SB p.3) The three atoms that are bonded to the carbonyl carbon forms a trigonal planar structure The bond angles between three attached atoms are  120 

7. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B6 Oxygen is more electronegative The carbonyl oxygen bears a partial negative charge and the carbonyl carbon bears partial positive charge 34.1 Introduction (SB p.3)

8. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B7 Aldehydes are named by replacing the final “-e” of the name of the corresponding alkane with “-al” Examples: 34.2 Nomenclature of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.3) Aldehydes

9. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B8 Ketones are named by replacing the final “-e” of the name of the corresponding alkane with “-one”. The parent chain is then numbered in the way that gives the carbonyl carbon atom the lowest possible number, and this number is used to indicate its position. Examples: 34.2 Nomenclature of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.4) Ketones

10. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B9 Check Point 34-1 (a)Draw the structural formulae of all carbonyl compounds having the molecular formula C 4 H 8 O. Give their IUPAC names. Answer 34.2 Nomenclature of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.4)

11. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B10 Check Point 34-1 (b)Draw the structural formulae of all straight-chain carbonyl compounds having the molecular formula C 5 H 10 O. Answer 34.2 Nomenclature of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.4)

12. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B11 Check Point 34-1 (c)Explain why there is no such a compound called “ethanone”. Answer 34.2 Nomenclature of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.4) (c)Ketones are compounds with the group situated between two carbon chains. Therefore, the simplest ketone is the one with three carbon atoms. “Ethanone”, however, suggests that there are two carbon atoms in it and it does not exist.

13. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B12 Simple aldehydes and ketones are gases or liquids at room temperature Aliphatic aldehydes have unpleasant and pungent smell Ketones and benzaldehyde have a pleasant and sweet odour 34.3 Physical Properties of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.5) Carbonyl compound Formula Boiling point (°C) Melting point (°C) Density at 20°C (g cm –3 ) Aldehydes: Methanal Ethanal Propanal Butanal Methylpropanal Benzaldehyde HCHO CH 3 CHO CH 3 CH 2 CHO CH 3 (CH 2 ) 2 CHO (CH 3 ) 2 CHCHO C 6 H 5 CHO –21 20.8 48.8 75.7 64.2 179 –92 –124 –81 –99 –65.9 –26 — 0.783 0.807 0.817 0.790 1.046

14. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B13 34.3 Physical Properties of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.5) Carbonyl compound Formula Boiling point (°C) Melting point (°C) Density at 20°C (g cm –3 ) Ketones: Propanone Butanone Pentan-3-one Pentan-2-one 3-Methylbutan-2-one Hexan-2-one Phenylethanone CH 3 COCH 3 CH 3 COCH 2 CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 COCH 2 CH 3 CH 3 CO(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 CH 3 COCH(CH 3 ) 2 CH 3 CO(CH 2 ) 3 CH 3 C 6 H 5 COCH 3 56.2 79.6 102 95 127 202 –95.4 –86.9 –39.9 –77.8 –92 –56.9 19.6 0.791 0.806 0.814 0.811 0.803 0.812 1.028

15. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B14 34.3 Physical Properties of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.5) Carbonyl compounds have higher b.p. and m.p. than hydrocarbons of similar relative molecular masses ∵ the presence of dipole-dipole interactions Carbonyl compounds have lower b.p. and m.p. than the corresponding alcohols ∵ dipole-dipole interactions are weaker than intermolecular hydrogen bonds Boiling Point and Melting Point

16. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B15 34.3 Physical Properties of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.6) The densities of aliphatic carbonyl compounds are lower than that of water at 20°C Aromatic carbonyl compounds are slightly denser than water 20°C Densities increase with increasing relative molecular masses Density

17. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B16 34.3 Physical Properties of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.6) Aldehydes and ketones of low molecular masses show appreciable solubilities in water ∵ carbonyl oxygen can form strong hydrogen bonds with water molecules Solubility e.g. propanone and ethanal are soluble in water in all proportions

18. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B17 Example 34-1 (a)In each pair of compounds below, select the one you would expect to have a higher boiling point. (i)A: CH 3 CH 2 CHOB: CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 OH (ii)C:D: (iii)E: CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CHOF: CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 (iv)G:H: Answer 34.3 Physical Properties of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.7) Solution: (a)(i)B (ii)D (iii)E (iv)H

19. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B18 Example 34-1 (b)Propanone, CH 3 COCH 3, is completely soluble in water, but octan-4-one, CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 COCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3, is almost insoluble in soluble in water. Explain their difference in solubility. Answer 34.3 Physical Properties of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.7) Solution: (b)This is because the solubility in water decreases as the hydrophobic hydrocarbon portion lengthens

20. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B19 34.4 Preparation of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.7) Industrially, lower members of aldehydes and ketones are prepared by passing alcohol vapour over hot silver catalyst Dehydrogenation of Alcohols

21. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B20 34.4 Preparation of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.8) Example of oxidizing agents: acidified K 2 Cr 2 O 7 Aldehydes are prepared by oxidation of 1° alcohols Oxidation of Alcohols Ketones are prepared by oxidation of 2 ° alcohols

22. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B21 34.4 Preparation of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.8) Ozone reacts with alkenes vigorously to from ozonides Ozonides are reduced by Zn and H 2 O to give aldehydes and/or ketones Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes (Ozonolysis)

23. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B22 34.4 Preparation of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.8) Aldehydes can be prepared by heating a mixture of calcium methanoate and calcium carboxylate e.g. Decarboxylation of Acid Salts

24. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B23 34.4 Preparation of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.9) Ketones can be prepared by heating calcium carboxylate e.g.

25. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B24 34.4 Preparation of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.9) Aldehydes can be prepared by reducing acyl chlorides by treatment with H 2 in the presence of Pd / BaSO 4 catalyst and S The purpose of adding sulphur is to poison the catalyst, so that the reduction does not proceed to produce alcohols Reduction of Acyl Chlorides

26. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B25 34.5 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.9) Carbonyl group is susceptible to nucleophilic attack ∵ carbonyl carbon bears a partial positive charge Nucleophiles use its lone pair electrons to form a bond with carbonyl carbon One pair of bonding electrons of the carbon-oxygen bond shift out to the carbonyl oxygen Nucleophilic Addition Reactions

27. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B26 34.5 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.10) The electron-rich oxygen transfers its electron pair to a proton  addition of Nu – H to the carbonyl group The carbonyl carbon changes from a trigonal planar geometry (i.e. sp 2 -hybridized) to a tetrahedral geometry (i.e. sp 3 -hybridized)

28. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B27 34.5 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.10) Aldehydes are more reactive than ketones ∵ inductive effect and steric effect 1.The inductive effect The carbonyl carbon in ketones is less electron- deficient because two alkyl groups release electrons whereas only one present in aldehydes

29. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B28 34.5 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.10) 2.The steric effect Aldehyde molecules are relatively open to the attack of nucleophiles ∵ one group being attached to the carbonyl carbon is a small hydrogen atom In ketones, the two alkyl or aryl substituents cause a greater steric hindrance to the nucleophiles

30. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B29 34.5 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.11) Due to the above 2 factors, the general order of reactivity of carbonyl compounds: The delocalization of  electrons from the benzene ring reduce the electron deficiency of the carbonyl carbon atom and makes aromatic carbonyl compounds even less reactive than aliphatic ketones

31. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B30 34.5 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.11) Addition of hydrogen cyanide to the carbonyl group to form 2-hydroxyalkanenitriles (also known as cyanohydrins) Addition of Hydrogen Cyanide

32. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B31 34.5 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.11) Examples:

33. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B32 34.5 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.11) Mechanism for the nucleophilic addition of hydrogen cyanide to the carbonyl group:

34. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B33 34.5 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.11) As HCN is very toxic and volatile, it is safer to generate it in the reaction mixture Mixing KCN or NaCN with dilute H 2 SO 4 at 10 – 20°C gives HCN: 2KCN + H 2 SO 4  2HCN + K 2 SO 4 2NaCN + H 2 SO 4  2HCN + Na 2 SO 4 HCN is a poor nucleophile while CN – is much stronger  the reaction can be catalyzed by a base stronger than CN –, as the base can increase the concentration of CN – HCN + OH –  CN – + H 2 O

35. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B34 34.5 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.12) 2-Hydroxyalkanenitriles are useful intermediates in organic synthesis On acid hydrolysis, 2-hydroxyalkanenitriles are converted to 2-hydroxycarboxylic acids or 2-alkenoic acids e.g.

36. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B35 34.5 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.12) With the use of reducing agents (e.g. LiAlH 4 ), 2-hydroxyalkanenitriles are reduced to amines e.g.

37. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B36 34.5 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.13) Carbonyl compounds react reversibly with excess 40% aqueous hydrogensulphate(IV) solutions at room temperature Addition of Sodium Hydrogensulphate(IV)

38. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B37 34.5 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.13) Examples:

39. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B38 34.5 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.13) The reaction is initiated by the attack of nucleophile, HSO 3 – The reaction mechanism:

40. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B39 This reaction is very sensitive to steric hindrance and is limited to aliphatic aldehydes and sterically unhindered ketones This reaction can be used for the separation and purification of the aldehydes and ketones, as they can be regenerated by treating the bisulphite addition product with aqueous alkalis or dilute acids. 34.5 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.13)

41. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B40 Example 34-2 Outline how you are going to separate a mixture of butanone (b.p. 79.6°C) and 1-chlorobutane (b.p. 78.5°C) in diethyl ether. Answer 34.5 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.14)

42. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B41 34.5 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.14) Solution: The mixture of butanone and 1-chlorobutane cannot be separated by distillation as their boiling points are too close. However, they can be separated through the nucleophilic addition reaction of sodium hydrogensulphate(IV). With the addition of sodium hydrogensulphate(IV) to the mixture, only butanone reacts to give the bisulphite addition product which is soluble in water. Then the organic later (containing 1- chlorobutane) and the aqueous layer (containing the bisulphite addition product of butanone) are separated using a separating funnel. 1- Chlorobutane can be obtained by distilling off the ether. On the other hand, with the addition of a dilute acid, the bisulphite addition product is converted to the carbonyl compound (i.e. butanone) which dissolves in diethyl ether. The organic layer (containing butanone) is separated from the aqueous layer by means of a separating funnel. Butanone is obtained after distilling off the ether.

43. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B42 34.5 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.14) Addition – elimination reactions involve the first addition of two molecules to form an unstable intermediate followed by the spontaneous elimination of the elements of water e.g.reaction of aldehydes or ketones with the derivatives of ammonia Addition – Elimination (Condensation) Reactions

44. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B43 34.5 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.14) Carbonyl compounds react with hydroxylamine (NH 2 OH) to form oximes Reaction with Hydroxylamine

45. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B44 34.5 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.15) Examples:

46. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B45 34.5 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.15) Carbonyl compounds react with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine to form 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones Reaction with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine

47. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B46 34.5 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.15) Examples:

48. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B47 34.5 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.16) The oximes and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones are used to identify unknown aldehydes and ketones They are insoluble solids and have sharp characteristic melting points The products are purified by recrystallization from ethanol and then filtered and washed under suction Their melting points are determined and compared with that in data book to identify the original aldehyde or ketone

49. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B48 34.5 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.16) Carbonyl compound Formula Melting point of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone (°C) Aldehydes: Methanal Ethanal Propanal Butanal Benzaldehyde HCHO CH 3 CHO CH 3 CH 2 CHO CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CHO C 6 H 5 CHO 167 146, 164 (2 forms) 156 123 237 Ketones: Propanone Butanone Pentan-2-one Pentan-3-one Hexan-2-one Phenylethanone CH 3 COCH 3 CH 3 CH 2 COCH 3 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 COCH 3 CH 3 CH 2 COCH 2 CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 COCH 3 C 6 H 5 COCH 3 128 115 141 156 107 250

50. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B49 Check Point 34-2 (a)Compare the addition reactions of carbonyl compounds and alkenes. Answer 34.5 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.17) (a)Carbonyl compounds always undergo nucleophilic addition reactions. As the carbon atom in the carbonyl group bears a partial positive charge, the carbonyl group is susceptible to nucleophilic attack. In the case of alkenes, they always undergo electrophilic addition reactions. As the  bonding electrons of the carbon-carbon double bond are only loosely held by the carbon atoms and are exposed, the carbon- carbon double bond is susceptible to electron-loving reagents (i.e. electrophiles)

51. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B50 Check Point 34-2 (b)Describe briefly how you can distinguish between two carbonyl compounds having similar boiling points. Answer (b)The two compounds can be distinguished by determining the melting points of their 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone derivatives. 34.5 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.17)

52. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B51 34.5 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.17) Aldehydes can be oxidized to carboxylic acids by strong oxidizing agents such as KMnO 4 and K 2 Cr 2 O 7, and also by mild oxidizing agents such as Tollen’s reagent and Fehling’s reagent Oxidations

53. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B52 34.5 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.18) Aldehydes are oxidized readily by common oxidizing agents such as KMnO 4 /H + and K 2 Cr 2 O 7 /H + Reaction with Potassium Manganate(VII) and Potassium Dichromate(VI)

54. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B53 34.5 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.18) Generally, ketones do not undergo oxidation as their oxidation involves the cleavage of the strong carbon- carbon bond More severe conditions are required to bring about the oxidation

55. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B54 34.5 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.18) Tollens’ reagent contains Ag(NH 3 ) 2 + Ag(NH 3 ) 2 + oxidizes aldehydes to carboxylic acids while it is reduced to metallic silver which deposits on the wall of the reaction vessel as silver mirror Reaction with Tollens’ Reagent (Silver Mirror Test)

56. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B55 34.5 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.19) Aldehydes are mixed with Tollens’ reagent in a clean test tube and placed in water bath kept at 60°C All ketones give a negative result of the silver mirror test This reaction can be used to distinguish aldehydes from ketones If the wall of the reaction vessel is not clean enough, a silver mirror cannot be formed and a black precipitate is deposited instead

57. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B56 34.5 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.18) Fehling’s solution is an alkaline solution of copper(II) tartrate. It is a blue solution Aliphatic aldehydes reduce the Cu 2+ ion in Fehling’s solution to form a brick-red precipitate of Cu 2 O Reaction with Fehling’s Solution (Fehling’s Test)

58. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B57 34.5 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.18) Ketones and aromatic aldehydes give a negative result of Fehling’s test This reaction can be used to distinguish aliphatic aldehydes from ketones and aromatic aldehydes Addition of an aliphatic aldehyde Fehling’s solution

59. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B58 34.5 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.20) Aldehydes and ketones undergo reduction reactions forming 1° and 2° alcohols respectively Reductions

60. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B59 34.5 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.20) Lithium tetrahydridoaluminate (also called lithium aluminium hydride, LiAlH 4 ) is a powerful reducing agent It reduces aldehydes to 1° alcohols and ketones to 2° alcohols Reaction with Lithium Tetrahydridoaluminate

61. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B60 34.5 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.20) LiAlH 4 is able to reduce carboxylic acid and esters to give alcohols LiAlH 4 reacts violently with water, therefore the reaction must be carried out in anhydrous solutions, usually in dry ether

62. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B61 34.5 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.21) In practice, the reduction of aldehydes and ketones to alcohols is carried out by sodium tetrahydridoborate (also called sodium borohydride, NaBH 4 ) Reaction with Sodium Tetrahydridoborate

63. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B62 NaBH 4 is a less powerful reducing agent than LiAlH 4 NaBH 4 reduces only aldehydes and ketones The reduction by NaBH 4 can be carried out in water or alcohol solutions 34.5 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.21)

64. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B63 34.5 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.21) Triiodomethane Formation (Iodoform Reaction) Aldehydes or ketones having the group react with iodine in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution to give a bright yellow precipitate of iodoform (CHI 3 )

65. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B64 34.5 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.21) Ethanol and secondary alcohols with the group also give a positive result of iodoform test Iodoform test is test for the presence of or ∵ the group is first oxidized to group and further oxidized to give the carboxylate and the iodoform

66. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B65 Check Point 34-3 Draw the structural formulae of the major organic products A to H in the following reactions: (a) KCN/H 2 SO 4 conc. HCl CH 3 CH 2 CHO  A  B 20°C (b) 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine CH 3 CH 2 CHO  C (c) 1. LiAlH 4 / dry ether CH 3 CH 2 CHO  D 2. H 3 O + (d) NaBH 4 CH 3 CH = CHCH 2 CHO  E H 2 O Answer 34.5 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.22) (a)A:B: (b)C: (c)D: CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 OH (d)E: CH 3 CH = CHCH 2 CH 2 OH

67. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B66 Check Point 34-3 Draw the structural formulae of the major organic products A to H in the following reactions: (e) (f) Answer 34.5 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.22) (e) F: (f)G: H: CHI 3

68. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B67 34.6 Uses of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.22) As Raw Materials for Making Plastics Urea-methanal Urea-methanal is produced by condensation polymerization of ureaand methanal under heat and pressure with the elimination of a water molecule

69. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B68 34.6 Uses of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.23) In the presence of excess methanal, cross linkages will be formed

70. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B69 34.6 Uses of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.24) thermosetting polymer (cannot be softened and insoluble in any solvents) excellent electrical insulator resistant to chemical attack used for moulding electrical sockets Urea-methanal

71. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B70 34.6 Uses of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.24) Propanone is converted to methyl 2-methylpropenoate, which is the monomer for the production of perspex Perspex Perspex is a dense, transparent solid Used to make safety goggles, advertising signs and carside light protectors

72. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B71 34.6 Uses of Carbonyl Compounds (SB p.24) Propanone Liquid with a boiling point of 56.2°C Can dissolve a variety of organic compounds Important solvent used in industry and in the laboratory As Solvents

73. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B72 The END