1. Spirometry A. H. Mehrparvar, MD Occupational Medicine department Yazd University of Medical Sciences

2. Lung volumes

3.  FRC: the volume of gas present in the lung at endexpiration during tidal breathing  ERV: the volume of gas that can be maximally exhaled from the end- expiratory level during tidal breathing (i.e. from the FRC)  IC: The maximum volume of gas that can be inspired from FRC  IRV: the maximum volume of gas that can be inhaled from the end-inspiratory level during tidal breathing

4.  RV: the volume of gas remaining in the lung after maximal exhalation (regardless of point at which exhalation was started)  TV (VT): The volume of gas inhaled or exhaled during the respiratory cycle  TGV: the absolute volume of gas in the thorax at any point in time and any level of alveolar pressure

5.  TLC: the volume of gas in the lungs after maximal inspiration  VC: the volume change at the mouth between the positions of full inspiration and complete expiration  FVC: the volume of gas exhaled during a forced expiration, starting from a position of full inspiration and ending at complete expiration

6. Spirometry Parameters  Forced Vital Capacity FVC  Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second FEV1  Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second Expressed as a Percentage of the Forced Vital Capacity FEV1/FVC %  Mean Forced Expiratory Flow during the Middle Half of the Forced Vital Capacity FEF 25-75%

7. FVC  Definition: Defined as the maximal amount of air that can be exhaled forcefully after a maximal inspiration or the most air a person can blow out after taking the deepest possible breath.

8. FVC - forced vital capacity  defines maximum volume of exchangeable air in lung (vital capacity) forced expiratory breathing maneuver requires muscular effort and some patient training  initial (healthy) FVC values approx 4 liters slowly diminishes with normal aging  significantly reduced FVC suggests damage to lung parenchyma restrictive lung disease (fibrosis) loss of functional alveolar tissue (atelectasis) FVC volume reduction trend over time (years) is key indicator  intra-subject variability factors age sex height ethnicity

9. FEV1  Definition: The volume of air exhaled during the first second of a forced expiratory maneuver normal FEV1 about 3 liters FEV1 needs to be normalized to individual ’ s vital capacity (FVC)

10. FEV1/FVC%  Definition: The value expresses the volume of air the worker exhales in one second as a percent of the total volume of air that is exhaled.

11. FEF25-75%  Definition: The mean expiratory flow during the middle half of the FVC  More sensitive than FEV1  Considerably more variability than FVC and FEV1  ATS recommends only be considered after determining presence and clinical severity of impairment and should not be used to diagnosis disease in individual patients

12. PEF - Peak Expiratory Flow rate  measures airflow limitations in large (central) airways large airways are rate-limiting for airflow in healthy patients large airway flow limitations important in asthma  PEF measurements recommended for asthma management spirometry is recommended to help make the diagnosis of asthma  PEF not recommend to evaluate patients for COPD cannot measure small airway airflow limitations

14. Most important parameters  FEV1  FVC  FEV1/FVC  PEF  FEF25-75%  V-T Curve  F-V loop

19. Spirometry Performance Steps  Equipment performance criteria  Equipment quality control ( calibration & leak )  Contraindications & interfering condition  Age, height, race, gender  Selection of appropriate reference value  Patient maneuver  Acceptability criteria  Reproducibility criteria  Selection of best curve and best result  interpretation

20. Spirometer selection  Flow-type spirometer  Calibration  Has a monitor showing flow-volume and volume- time diagrams  Measures vext  Reference values (ATS, ERS)  Memory (at least 1000 tests)  Quality control messages  Measures predicted values  Post test  Measures flow at least for 14 s

22. Subject ’ s position 1. Sitting or standing? 2. Chair with arms & without wheels 3. Clothing 4. Chin & neck position 5. Nose clip 6. Denture

23. Spirometry maneuvre  Patients’ position  Measuring weight and height  Birth date  Ethnicity  Training  Tidal breathing  Deep inspiration  Forced expiration