1. PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii The Appendicular Skeleton

2. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Learning Objectives Identify the bones of the pectoral girdle and upper limbs, their functions and their features. Identify the bones of the pelvic girdle and lower limbs, their functions and their features. Compare the male and female pelvic structure. Explain how the skeleton can reveal significant information about the individual. Compare male and female skeletons. Describe the effect of aging on the skeleton.

3. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 8-1 The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs

4. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Upper and lower limbs Pectoral and pelvic girdle The Appendicular Skeleton

5. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.1 The Appendicular Skeleton Figure 8.1

6. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Articulates the upper limbs with the trunk Consists of clavicle and scapula Pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle)

7. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Position the shoulder joint Help move the upper limb Provide a base for muscle attachment Clavicle and scapula

8. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.2 Figure 8.2 The Clavicle

9. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Scapula markings are attachment sites for tendons/ligaments of shoulder joint Coracoid process Acromion

10. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.3 The Scapula Figure 8.3 Animation: Interaction between the pectoral girdle and the proximal bone of the arm PLAY

11. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Scapula articulates with the humerus at the glenohumoral joint Greater and lesser tubercles are muscle attachment sites The upper limbs

12. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.4 The Humerus Figure 8.4

13. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Humerus Articulates with radius and ulna Elbow joint

14. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.5 The Radius and Ulna Figure 8.5

15. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carpus forms wrist Two rows of short bones Distal row articulates with metacarpals Four fingers have three phalanges Pollex (thumb) has two Carpal bones and hand

16. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.6 Bones of the Wrist and Hand Figure 8.6

17. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 8-2 The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs

18. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings More massive than the pectoral girdle Consists of two os coxae Fusion of ilium, ischium and pubis The pelvic girdle and lower limbs

19. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.7 The Os Coxae Figure 8.7

20. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Largest hip bone Within acetabulum, fused to the ischium (posteriorly) and the pubis (anteriorly) Pubic symphysis limits left to right Ilium

21. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.7 The Os Coxae Figure 8.7

22. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.8 The Pelvis Figure 8.8

23. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Composed of the hipbones, sacrum and coccyx Subdivided into the false (greater) and true (lesser) pelvis Pelvis Animation: Pelvic girdle and lower limb PLAY

24. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.9 Divisions of the Pelvis Figure 8.9

25. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.10 Figure 8.10 Anatomical Differences in the Pelvis of a Male and a Female Animation: Male and Female Pelvis PLAY

26. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Femur is the longest bone in the body Articulates with the tibia at the knee Patella is a large sesamoid bone Fibula parallels tibia laterally The lower limbs

27. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.11 The Femur Figure 8.11

28. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.12 The Right Patella Figure 8.12

29. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.13 The Tibia and Fibula Figure 8.13

30. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Has seven tarsal bones Pattern of metatarsal bones and phalanges parallels that of the hand All toes have three phalanges except the hallux (two phalanges) Tarsus

31. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.14 Bones of the Ankle and Foot Figure 8.14

32. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings When standing, most of the weight of the body is transferred from the talus to the calcaneous Rest is passed on to metatarsals Weight transfer occurs along longitudinal arch Transverse arch Ankle and arches

33. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 8-3 Individual Variation in the Skeletal System

34. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Medical history Weight Gender Body size Muscle mass Age Important Variation in the Skeletal System

35. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Begin about age one Continue throughout life Age related changes in skeletal system

36. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings You should now be familiar with: The bones of the pectoral girdle and upper limbs, their functions and their features. The bones of the pelvic girdle and lower limbs, their functions and their features. The similarities and differences between the male and female skeleton and pelvic structure. How the skeleton can reveal significant information about the individual. The effect of aging on the skeleton.