1. 1 Introduction to Information Security 0368-3065, Spring 2013 Lecture 8: Virtual machine confinement, trusted computing architecture Eran Tromer Slides credit: Dan Boneh, Stanford

2. 2 Confinement using Virtual Machines

3. 3 Process OS services OS kernel Virtual machines CPUMemoryDevices OS services Hypervisor Security benefits: Confinement (isolation, sandboxing) Management Monitoring Recovery Forensics (replay) Key Untrusted Code US patent 6,922,774 (NSA NetTop) Host OS (if Type 2)

4. 4 VMM security assumption VMM Security assumption: –Malware may infect guest OS and guest apps –But malware cannot escape from the infected VM Cannot infect host OS Cannot infect other VMs on the same hardware Requires that VMM protect itself and is not buggy –VMM is much simpler than full OS –… but device drivers run in Host OS

5. 5 Process OS services OS kernel Virtualization – covert channels and side channels CPUMemoryDevices OS services Hypervisor Covert channel: unintended communication channel between isolated but cooperating components (sender and receiver) –Can be used to leak classified data from secure component to public component Side channel: unintended channel that lets an attacker component retrieve information from an victim component without the latter’s cooperation Often induced by low-level resource contention Key Untrusted Code

6. 6 An example covert channel Both VMs use the same underlying hardware To send a bit b  {0,1} malware does: –b= 1: at 1:30.00am do CPU intensive calculation –b= 0: at 1:30.00am do nothing At 1:30.00am listener does a CPU intensive calculation and measures completion time –Now b = 1  completion-time > threshold Many covert channel exist in running system: –File lock status, cache contents, interrupts, … –Very difficult to eliminate

7. 7 VMM Introspection protecting the anti-virus system

8. 8 Example: intrusion Detection / anti-virus Runs as part of OS kernel and user space process Kernel root kit can shutdown protection system Common practice for modern malware Standard solution: run IDS system in the network Problem: insufficient visibility into user’s machine Better: run IDS as part of VMM (protected from malware) VMM can monitor virtual hardware for anomalies VMI: Virtual Machine Introspection Allows VMM to check Guest OS internals

9. 9 Sample checks Stealth malware: Creates processes that are invisible to “ps” Opens sockets that are invisible to “netstat” 1. Lie detector check Goal: detect stealth malware that hides processes and network activity Method: VMM lists processes running in GuestOS VMM requests GuestOS to list processes (e.g. ps) If mismatch, kill VM

10. 10 Sample checks (cont.) 2. Application code integrity detector VMM computes hash of user app-code running in VM Compare to whitelist of hashes Kills VM if unknown program appears 3. Ensure GuestOS kernel integrity example: detect changes to sys_call_table 4. Virus signature detector Run virus signature detector on GuestOS memory 5. Detect if GuestOS puts NIC in promiscuous mode

11. 11 Subvirt: subverting VMM confinement

12. 12 Subvirt [King Chen Wang Verbowski Wang Lortch 2006] Virus idea: Once on the victim machine, install a malicious VMM Virus hides in VMM Invisible to virus detector running inside VM HW OS  HW OS VMM and virus Anti-virus

13. 13 The MATRIX

14. 14

15. 15 VM Based Malware (blue pill virus) [Rutkowska 2006] A virus that installs a malicious VMM (hypervisor) on-the- fly under running OS Use SVM/VT-x to create VM Microsoft Security Bulletin: (Oct, 2006) : Suggests disabling hardware virtualization features by default for client-side systems http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/system/platform/virtual/CPUVirtExt.mspx http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/system/platform/virtual/CPUVirtExt.mspx VMBRs are easy to defeat A guest OS can detect that it is running on top of VMM

16. 16 VMM Detection Can an OS detect it is running on top of a VMM? Applications: Virus detector can detect VMBR Normal virus (non-VMBR) can detect VMM refuse to run to avoid reverse engineering Software that binds to hardware (e.g. MS Windows) can refuse to run on top of VMM DRM systems may refuse to run on top of VMM

17. 17 VMM detection (red pill techniques) 1. VM platforms often emulate simple hardware VMWare emulates an ancient i440bx chipset … but report 8GB RAM, dual Opteron CPUs, etc. 2. VMM introduces time latency variances Memory cache behavior differs in presence of VMM Results in relative latency in time variations for any two operations 3. VMM shares the TLB with GuestOS GuestOS can detect reduced TLB size 4. Deduplication (VMM saves single copies of identical pags) … and many more methods [GAWF’07]

18. 18 VMM Detection Bottom line: The perfect VMM does not exist VMMs today (e.g. VMWare) focus on: Compatibility : ensure off the shelf software works Performance : minimize virtualization overhead VMMs do not provide transparency Anomalies reveal existence of VMM

19. 19 Trusted Computing Architecture

20. 20 Background TCG consortium. Founded in 1999 as TCPA. Main players (promotors): (>200 members) AMD, HP, IBM, Infineon, Intel, Lenovo, Microsoft, Sun Goals: Hardware protected (encrypted) storage:  Only “authorized” software can decrypt data  e.g.: protecting key for decrypting file system Secure boot: method to “authorize” software Attestation: Prove to remote server what software is running on my machine.

21. 21 Secure boot History of BIOS/EFI malware: CIH (1998) : CIH virus corrupts system BIOS Heasman (2007) :  System Management Mode (SMM) “rootkit” via EFI Sacco, Ortega (2009) : infect BIOS LZH decompressor  CoreBOOT: generic BIOS flashing tool Main point: BIOS runs before any defenses (e.g. antivirus) Proposed defense: lock system configuration (BIOS + OS) Today: TCG approach

22. 22 TCG: changes to PC Extra hardware: TPM Trusted Platform Module (TPM) chip  Single 33MhZ clock. TPM Chip vendors: (~.3$)  Atmel, Infineon, National, STMicro  Intel D875GRH motherboard Software changes: BIOS, EFI (UEFI) OS and Apps

23. 23 TPMs in the real world TPMs widely available on laptops, desktops and some servers Software using TPMs: File/disk encryption: BitLocker, IBM, HP, Softex Attestation for enterprise login: Cognizance, Wave Client-side single sign on: IBM, Utimaco, Wave

24. TPM Basics What the TPM does How to use it 24

25. 25 Components on TPM chip I/O Crypto Engine: RSA, SHA-1, HMAC, RNG Non Volatile Storage (> 1280 bytes) PCR Registers (  16 registers) Other Junk RSA: 1024, 2048 bit modulus SHA-1: Outputs 20 byte digest LPC bus API calls

26. 26 Non-volatile storage 1. Endorsement Key (EK) (2048-bit RSA) Created at manufacturing time. Cannot be changed. Used for “attestation” (described later) 2. Storage Root Key (SRK) (2048-bit RSA) Used for implementing encrypted storage Created after running TPM_TakeOwnership( OwnerPassword, … ) Can be cleared later with TPM_ForceClear from BIOS 3. OwnerPassword (160 bits) and persistent flags Private EK, SRK, and OwnerPwd never leave the TPM

27. 27 PCR: the heart of the matter PCR: Platform Configuration Registers Lots of PCR registers on chip (at least 16) Register contents: 20-byte SHA-1 digest (+junk) Updating PCR #n : TPM_Extend(n,D): PCR[n]  SHA-1 ( PCR[n] || D ) TPM_PcrRead(n): returns value (PCR(n)) PCRs initialized to default value (e.g. 0) at boot time TPM can be told to restore PCR values in NVRAM via TPM_SaveState and TPM_Startup(ST_STATE) for system suspend/resume

28. 28 Using PCRs: the TCG boot process BIOS boot block executes Calls TPM_Startup (ST_CLEAR) to initialize PCRs to 0 Calls PCR_Extend( n, ) Then loads and runs BIOS post boot code BIOS executes: Calls PCR_Extend( n, ) Then runs MBR (master boot record), e.g. GRUB. MBR executes: Calls PCR_Extend( n, ) Then runs OS loader … and so on

29. 29 In a diagram BIOS boot block BIOS OS loader OS Application TPM Hardware Root of trust in integrity measurement Root of trust in integrity reporting measuring Extend PCR After boot, PCRs contain hash chain of booted software Collision resistance of SHA1 (?) ensures commitment

30. 30 Example: Trusted GRUB (IBM’05) What PCR # to use and what to measure specified in GRUB config file

31. 31 Using PCR values after boot Application 1: encrypted (a.k.a sealed) storage. Step 1: TPM_TakeOwnership( OwnerPassword, … ) Creates 2048-bit RSA Storage Root Key (SRK) on TPM Cannot run TPM_TakeOwnership again without OwnerPwd :  Ownership Enabled Flag  False Done once by IT department or laptop owner. (optional) Step 2: TPM_CreateWrapKey / TPM_LoadKey Create more RSA keys on TPM protected by SRK Each key identified by 32-bit keyhandle

32. 32 Protected Storage Main Step: Encrypt data using RSA key on TPM TPM_Seal (some) Arguments:  keyhandle: which TPM key to encrypt with  KeyAuth: Password for using key `keyhandle’  PcrValues: PCRs to embed in encrypted blob  data block: at most 256 bytes (2048 bits) Used to encrypt symmetric key (e.g. AES) Returns encrypted blob. Main point: blob can only be decrypted with TPM_Unseal when PCR-reg-vals = PCR-vals in blob. TPM_Unseal will fail othrwise

33. 33 Protected Storage Embedding PCR values in blob ensures that only certain apps can decrypt data. e.g.: Messing with MBR or OS kernel will change PCR values.

34. 34 Sealed storage: applications Lock software on machine: OS and apps sealed with MBR’s PCR. Any changes to MBR (to load other OS) will prevent locked software from loading. Prevents tampering and reverse engineering Web server: seal server’s SSL private key Goal: only unmodified Apache can access SSL key Problem: updates to Apache or Apache config General problem with software patches: Patch process must re-seal all blobs with new PCRs

35. 35 A cloud application Client seals VM to VMM measurement VM code and data is encrypted Can only be decrypted on valid cloud server Cloud operator cannot easily access data cloud servers VMM TPM VMM TPM Client VM sealed to VMM