1. Freedom of Speech
Computers in the World

2. Topics Free-speech Principles Communication Paradigms
Unprotected Speech
Issues involving criminal prosecution for online speech
Posting, Selling, and Leaking Sensitive Material
Anonymity
Censorship and Political Freedom

3. Communication Paradigms
Regulating communications media
First Amendment protection and government regulation
Print media (newspapers, magazines, books)
Broadcast (television, radio)
Common carries (telephones, postal system)

4. Communication Paradigms
Telecommunication Act of 1996
Communications Decency Act of 1996
First major Internet censorship law
Main parts ruled unconstitutional

5. Free-speech Principles
Written for offensive and/or controversial speech and ideas
Covers spoken and written words, pictures, art, and other forms of expression of ideas and opinions
Restriction on the power of government, not individuals or private businesses

6. Unprotected Speech Obscenity Fight words Defamation Blackmail
True threats; solicitation of crimes
Libel, slander, and defamation.

7. Supreme Court principles and guidelines
Advocating illegal acts is (usually) legal.
Anonymous speech is protected.
Some restrictions are allowed on advertising.
Libel and direct, specific threats are not protected.
Inciting violence is illegal.

8. Elements of Defamation Action
That defendant made a defamatory communication to a third person
The statement was false
Defendant was at fault in communicating the statement
Plaintiff suffered harm

9. Controlling Speech Freedom of speech guidelines
Distinguish speech from action. Advocating illegal acts is (usually) legal.
Laws must not chill expression of legal speech.
Do not reduce adults to reading only what is fit for children.
Solve speech problems by least restrictive means.

10. Internet Censorship Laws & Alternatives
Communications Decency Act of 1996 (CDA)
Child Online Protection Act of 1998 (COPA)
Children's Internet Protection Act of 2000 (CIPA)
Alternatives to censorship

11. Child Pornography
Includes pictures or videos of actual minors (children under 18) engaged in sexually explicit conduct.
Production is illegal primarily because of abuse of the actual children, not because of the impact of the content on a viewer.
Child Online Protection Act (COPA)
Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996 (CPPA)

12. Sexting
Sending sexually suggestive or explicit text or photos, usually by cellphone or social media
Can meet the definition of child pornography if subject is under 18

13. Spam What’s the problem? Free speech issues Anti-spam Laws
Loosely described as unsolicited bulk
Mostly commercial advertisement
Angers people because of content and the way it’s sent
Free speech issues
Anti-spam Laws

14. Posting, Selling, and Leaking Sensitive Material
Leaks
Type of material
Value to society
Risks to society and individuals
Potentially dangerous leaks
Releasing a huge mass of documents
Examples
WikiLeaks

15. Anonymity Do we need anonymity? Is it good or bad?
Positive uses of anonymity
Negative uses of anonymity
Anonymizing services

16. Complete & Commercial anonymity
People can do good or bad to others.
Bad : poison letters about their neighbors
Good : Witness about the crimes
This is related with the financial transactions.
Sometimes the business can be done by other
than government, merchants and marketers.

17. Censorship and Political Freedom
Tools for communication, tools for oppression
Fax machine
Cell phone
Skype

18. Censorship and Political Freedom
Avoiding censorship
Creating censorship
Aiding foreign censors and repressive regimes
Selling surveillance tools
Public safety