1. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood Groups and Transfusions  Large losses of blood have serious consequences  Loss of 15 to 30 percent causes weakness  Loss of over 30 percent causes shock, which can be fatal  Transfusions are the only way to replace blood quickly  Transfused blood must be of the same blood group – WHY?

2. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood transfusion  If a unit of incompatible blood is transfused between a donor and recipient, a severe acute hemolytic reaction with hemolysis (RBC destruction), renal failure and shock is likely to occur, and death is a possibility.  In other words, your body starts shutting down.

3. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The different blood types: Antigens are proteins on cell surfaces that stimulate an immune response Presence or absence of specific antigen determine a person’s blood type  A, B, AB or O, and + or -

4. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings A, B, AB and O Blood types

5. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings How to determine blood type Blood plasma contains proteins, called antibodies, that are shaped to correspond with the different blood surface antigens.

6. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The antibody in the blood plasma reacts with its matching antigen on red blood cells if they are brought into contact with one another. This reaction results in clumped blood cells that can no longer function.

7. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings For example, if you have type A blood, you have the A antigen on your red blood cells and the anti-B antibody in your plasma. If you had anti-A antibodies, they would react with your own type A red blood cells. This would cause your blood cells to clump.

8. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Clumpy A blood cells

9. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Going back to blood transfusions  If someone does not receive proper blood during a transfusion:  It creates an immune response  A person’s kidneys could shut down  The person could get a fever, nausea or vomit  Blood clumps (agglutination)  Can clog blood vessels

10. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Universal Donors and Recipients O = Universal Donor AB = Universal Recipient

11. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Universal Donor and Recipient O is the universal donor because it contains no antigens that can cause clumping by Anti-A or Anti-B antibodies. AB is the universal recipient because it doesn’t contain any anti-A or anti-B antibodies so it cannot clump with any antigens.

12. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Rh Blood Groups (+ or -)  Most Americans are Rh + Another characteristic of red blood cells involves the presence or absence of an antigen called RH, or Rhesus factor. Rh factor is an inherited characteristic. People are Rh positive (Rh + ) if they have the Rh antigen factor on their red blood cells. They are Rh negative (Rh - ) if they don’t.

13. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Determining an offspring’s blood type PhenotypeGenotype AAA or AO BBB or BO AB OOO A woman with blood type A (phenotype AA) and a man with blood type AB (phenotype AB) are going to have a baby. What are the possible blood types of the baby? AB A AAAB A AAAB

14. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood Typing Figure 10.8

15. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings On the back of your paper, copy these questions and answer them: 1.What blood type is the universal donor? Which is the universal recipient? 2.Which blood type contains no A or B antigens but contains both anti-A and anti-B antibodies? 3.What can happen if someone does not receive the correct type of blood for a transfusion? 4.A woman with type AB blood (genotype AB) is having a baby with a man with type O blood (genotype OO). What are the chances their baby will have type O blood? What about Type A? 5.A woman with type A blood (AO) is having a baby with a man with type B blood (BO). What is the chance that their baby will have type O blood? What about type B?