1. Emporia State University LI 810 XC Research and Inquiry in Library and Information Science Teresa Harper, Becky Corning & Ken Miles March 6, 2009

2. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/misc/about.shtml Peer-reviewed Audience - General medical professionals and pediatricians

3. Social Research The Impact of a Clinic-Based Literacy Intervention on Language Development in Inner-City Preschool Children The Impact of a Clinic-Based Literacy Intervention on Language Development in Inner-City Preschool Children Copyright 2001 Copyright 2001

4. www.reachoutandread.org Reach Out and Read

5. Objective To determine the effect of a clinic-based literacy intervention on the expressive and receptive language development of preschool children. To determine the effect of a clinic-based literacy intervention on the expressive and receptive language development of preschool children.

6. Description Unit of Analyses Unit of Analyses Latinos Latinos African-Americans African-Americans Clinic population not included: Whites, Native Americans, East Asian and South Asian

7. Purpose of Social Research Description Description Explanation Explanation

8. The results are in … The researchers in this study demonstrated an enhancement of language in inner-city preschool children participating in Reach Out and Read.

9. The results are in … Reach Out and Read has beneficial effects on Receptive language and Expressive language

10. Subjects for Study 122 study participants 122 study participants Children age 2 to 5.9 years old, not attending kindergarten. Children age 2 to 5.9 years old, not attending kindergarten. Primary caretaker had to be available for interview on day of presentation Primary caretaker had to be available for interview on day of presentation

11. Measurement Reading Activities Reading Activities READ Subscale of the StimQ READ Subscale of the StimQ Language Development Language Development Receptive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test Receptive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test

12. Literature review McCormick, CE. (Ed.). (1986). Intervention procedures for increasing preschool children's interest in and knowledge about reading. In: Teale WH, Sulzby E, eds. In Emergent Literacy: Writing and Reading Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation. Rural Illinois Distribution of books, information about reading distributed Associated with decreased placement in low reading groups

13. Literature review Whitehurst, GJ, Falco, FL, & Lonigan, CJ (1988). Accelerating language development through picture book reading. Dev Psychol. 24, 552-559. Suffolk County, Long Island Parent-child verbal interactions Improvement in language

14. Literature review Reach Out and Read National Center, Boston Medical Center. (1999). Reach Out and Read Program Manual (2nd ed.) [Brochure]. Boston, MA: P. Klass. More recent research Pediatric visits viewed as unique opportunity Improvement in language

15. Literature review High, PC, LaGasse L, Becker S, Ahlgren I, Gardner A. (2000). Literacy promotion in primary care pediatrics: can we make a difference? Pediatrics. Clinic-based literacy interventions on language outcomes 18-to-25-month-old children

16. Who conducted the research? 2 investigators overseeing 6 research assistants 2 investigators overseeing 6 research assistants Information not provided: Who paid for the study? Information not provided: Who paid for the study?

17. Sampling: Convenience sample “Grab” or “opportunity” sampling “Grab” or “opportunity” sampling Nonprobability method Nonprobability method Vulnerable to sampling error Vulnerable to sampling error

18. Sampling: Convenience sample Question: “Is there good reason to believe that a particular convenience sample would or should respond or behave differently than a random sample from the same population?”

19. Experiments Intervention group - three years of Reach Out and Read Intervention group - three years of Reach Out and Read Comparison group - three months before study Comparison group - three months before study

20. Experiments 1. While families waited to see their pediatrician, volunteers and/or staff members sat with children on large playmats and modeled reading activities. 2. While families waited to see their pediatrician, volunteers and/or staff members approached families and discussed the importance of reading.

21. Experiments 3. Pediatricians counseled families about the importance and fun of reading. 4. Pediatricians distributed developmentally appropriate books to families at each American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)-recommended well-child visit.

22. Quantitative: Parents were interviewed about number of books, frequency of reading, reading activities - parental reports used to measure intervention Quantitative: Parents were interviewed about number of books, frequency of reading, reading activities - parental reports used to measure intervention Qualitative: Researchers looked for changes over time Qualitative: Researchers looked for changes over time Purpose and Design

23. Additional finding Not predicted or studied: Children still scored lower than US sample Not predicted or studied: Children still scored lower than US sample

24. Some Questions Researchers Researchers Budget Budget

25. How can findings be generalized? ROR is an important intervention for impoverished preschool children: Promotes parental literacy support Enhances language development in impoverished preschool children. Integration into routine pediatric health care recommended.