1. Cells SB1. Students will analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and functions in living cells. a.Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, in maintaining homeostasis and cell reproduction. SB3. Students will derive the relationship between single-celled and multi-celled organisms and the increasing complexity of systems d.Compare and contrast viruses with living organisms. 22 Clicker Questions….. Get Ready!

2. Cell Discovery How did cells get their name? Robert Hooke (1665) Looked at a piece of cork under his microscope Looked like little chambers in a monastery The monks lived in chambers called cells Hooke called the chambers in the cork “ cells ” Were, in fact, cell walls of dead plant cells

3. Cell Discovery Who saw the first living cells? van Leeuwenhoek (1678) “Father of Microbiology” Improved microscope design First to observe and describe microorganisms Called them “animalcules”

4. Scientific Method What is the difference between a hypothesis, theory, and a law? Theory : A theory is an explanation of a set of related observations or events based upon proven hypotheses and verified multiple times by detached groups of researchers. One scientist cannot create a theory; he can only create a hypothesis. (Example: Theory of Relativity…pertains to gravity, time, & space) Hypothesis : This is an educated guess based upon observation. It is a rational explanation of a single event or phenomenon based upon what is observed, but which has not been proved. Most hypotheses can be supported or refuted by experimentation or continued observation. Law : In general, both a scientific theory and a scientific law are accepted to be true by the scientific community as a whole. But law describes a single action where a theory explains an entire group of related phenomena. (Example: Law of Gravity…pertains to gravity alone)

5. Cell Theory developed by Schwann and Schleiden (1835); Virchow (1855) 1.All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. 2.Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in all living organisms. 3.Cells arise only from previous existing cells, with cells passing copies of their genetic material on to their daughter cells.

6. Clicker Question #1 Who gave cells their name? a. Charles Darwin b. Robert Hooke c. Albert Einstein d. Gregor Mendel

7. Clicker Question #2 Which of the following best describes a theory? a.It is an idea b.It is a statement based on an observation c.It describes a single action in science and is accepted by all scientists d.It is a scientifically accepted explanation based on a hypothesis that has been verified by many scientists

8. Clicker Question #3 Which of the following statements is supported by the Cell Theory to identify if an amoeba is composed of a cell? a.Amoebas have the ability to split to create another genetically identical amoeba. b.Amoebas can move and hunt for food. c.Amoebas need oxygen. d.Amoebas must eat.

9. Cell Membrane What is the cell (plasma) membrane? A phospholipid bi-layer that separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment It is semi-permeable, which means that only certain substances can pass freely through

10. Cytoplasm What is the cytoplasm? A thick gel-like solution of water, salts, and proteins that fills the interior of cells

11. Nucleus What is a nucleus? A distinct central organelle that contains the cell’s genetic information in the form of DNA. Controls all of the cell’s activities

12. Basic Cell Types What are the two basic types of cells? 1. Prokaryotic: Cells do NOT have a nucleus or organelles. Example: ALL Bacteria…E. coli, Strep, & Salmonella How to Remember “Trick”… Pro has NO nucleus

13. Prokaryotes Have NO nucleus Have nucleoid (like a nucleus…but not a real one) with DNA in a circular plasmid Have almost NO organelles (but they DO have ribosomes) REMEMBER…. Pro has NO nucleus

14. Basic Cell Types What are the two basic types of cells? 2. Eukaryotic : Cells HAVE a nucleus and organelles. Examples: Plants, animals, fungus…All other cells How to Remember “Trick”… Eu has TRUE nucleus

15. Eukaryotes Have a true/real nucleus Have many different organelles Eu has TRUE nucleus REMEMBER….

16. Clicker Question #4 If a cell has a nucleus, it is considered a(n): a. Prokaryote b. Eukaryote c. Plant d. Animal

17. Clicker Question #5 If a cell does NOT have a nucleus, it is considered a(n): a. Prokaryote b. Eukaryote c. Plant d. Animal

18. Clicker Question #6 Which of the following is an example of an eukaryote? a. a virus b. Staphylococcus c. a sunflower d. bacteria

19. Clicker Question #7 Which of the following is an example of a prokaryote? a. mushrooms b. Escherichia coli c. an oak tree d. humans

20. Cell Organelles Function More Info Found in Cytoskeleton Ribosome Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Lysosome

21. Cytoskeleton Defined: Supporting network of protein fibers that provide a framework for the cell within the cytoplasm Function: Aids in cell & organelle movement & support 2 substructures: Microtubules & Microfilaments (euk only)

22. Cytoskeleton Supporting network Microfilaments & Microtubules Prokaryotes and eukaryotes Ribosome Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Lysosome Cell Organelles Function More Info Found in

23. Ribosome Defined: Simple cell organelle that helps manufacture proteins. Function: Synthesizes/make proteins Can be found attached to E.R. or free in the cell

24. Cytoskeleton Supporting network Microfilaments & Microtubules Prokaryotes and eukaryotes Ribosome Make proteins Free & attached Prokaryotes and eukaryotes Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Lysosome Cell Organelles Function More Info Found in

25. Endoplasmic Reticulum Defined: Highly folded membrane system in eukaryotic cells that is the site for protein and lipid synthesis. Function: Rough ER – synthesizes proteins Smooth ER – synthesizes lipids

26. Cytoskeleton Supporting network Microfilaments & Microtubules Prokaryotes and eukaryotes Ribosome Make proteins Free & attached Prokaryotes and eukaryotes Endoplasmic Reticulum Transport system Rough ER (ribosomes attached) Smooth ER (No ribosomes attached) Eukaryotes Golgi Apparatus Lysosome Cell Organelles Function More Info Found in

27. Golgi Apparatus Defined: Flattened stack of tubular membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins into vesicles and transports them to another organelle or out of the cell. Function: Modifies and packages proteins

28. Cytoskeleton Supporting network Microfilaments & Microtubules Prokaryotes and eukaryotes Ribosome Make proteins Free & attached Prokaryotes and eukaryotes Endoplasmic Reticulum Transport system Rough ER (ribosomes attached) Smooth ER (No ribosomes attached) Eukaryotes Golgi Apparatus Modifies & packages proteins Create lysosomes Eukaryotes Lysosome Cell Organelles Function More Info Found in

29. Lysosome Defined: Vesicle produced by the Golgi that uses enzymes to digest excess or worn-out cellular substances. Function: Digests

30. Cytoskeleton Supporting network Microfilaments & Microtubules Prokaryotes and eukaryotes Ribosomes Make proteins Free & attached Prokaryotes and eukaryotes Endoplasmic Reticulum Transport system Rough ER (ribosomes attached) Smooth ER (No ribosomes attached) Eukaryotes Golgi Apparatus Modifies & packages proteins Create lysosomes Eukaryotes Lysosomes Digests food & dead organelles Filled with enzymes Eukaryotes Cell Organelles Function More Info Found in

31. Clicker Question #8 This organelle is composed of microfilaments and micotubules: a. Lysosome b. Ribosome c. Cytoskeleton d. Endoplasmic reticulum

32. Clicker Question #9 This organelle synthesizes proteins: a. Lysosome b. Ribosome c. Cytoskeleton d. Endoplasmic reticulum

33. Clicker Question #10 This organelle modifies proteins: a. Lysosome b. Ribosome c. Golgi Apparatus d. Endoplasmic reticulum

34. Clicker Question #11 This organelle is filled with enzymes for digestion purposes: a. Lysosome b. Ribosome c. Golgi Apparatus d. Endoplasmic reticulum

35. Mitochondrion Defined: Double membraned organelle that converts fuel into energy (ATP) that is available to the rest of the cell. Function: Converts food into energy = Cellular respiration

36. Vacuole Cilia & Flagella Mitochondrion Converts food into energy Cellular Respiration Produces ATP Eukaryotes Chloroplast Cell Wall Cell Organelles Function More Info Found in

37. Chloroplast Defined: Double-membraned organelle that captures light energy & converts it to chemical energy (glucose) through photosynthesis. Function: Converts light, H 2 O, & CO 2 into food = Photosynthesis

38. Vacuole Cilia & Flagella Mitochondrion Converts food into energy Cellular Respiration Produces ATP Eukaryotes Chloroplast Makes food from sunlight Photosynthesis Contains chlorophyll Plants ONLY Cell Wall Cell Organelles Function More Info Found in

39. Cell Wall Defined: A rigid barrier that surrounds the outside of the plasma membrane Function: Provides support and protection Organism Cell Wall is made of: Plants Cellulose Bacteria Peptidoglycan Fungi Chitin

40. Vacuole Cilia & Flagella Mitochondrion Converts food into energy Cellular Respiration Produces ATP Eukaryotes Chloroplast Makes food from sunlight Photosynthesis Plants ONLY Cell Wall Supports & protects NOT found in animals! Plants Bacteria Fungi Cell Organelles Function More Info Found in Contains chlorophyll

41. Vacuole Defined: Vesicle for temporary storage of materials such as food, water, enzymes, and wastes. Function: Storage (in all plants and fungi, some others)

42. Vacuole Cilia & Flagella Mitochondrion Converts food into energy Cellular Respiration Produces ATP Eukaryotes Chloroplast Makes food from sunlight Photosynthesis Plants ONLY Cell Wall Supports & protects NOT found in animals! Plants Bacteria Fungi Stores water, food, & waste Very large in plants Some eukaryotes and prokaryotes Cell Organelles Function More Info Found in Contains chlorophyll

43. Cilium & Flagellum Cilia: Hair-like projections that function in cell movement or sensory Flagellum: Long tail-like projection with a whip-like motion that helps a cell swim. Flagella

44. Vacuole Cilium & Flagellum Mitochondrion Converts food into energy Cellular Respiration Produces ATP Eukaryotes Chloroplast Makes food from sunlight Photosynthesis Plants ONLY Cell Wall Supports & protects NOT found in animals! Plants Bacteria Fungi Stores water, food, & waste Very large in plants Some eukaryotes and prokaryotes Aids in movement Cilia (many hairlike) Flagella (whip like) Prokaryotes and eukaryotes Cell Organelles Function More Info Found in Contains chlorophyll

45. Clicker Question #12 These are hair-like and aid cells in swimming/locomotion: a. Cilia b. Flagella c. Flagellum d. Tails

46. Clicker Question #13 Photosynthesis occurs here: a. Chloroplast b. Mitochondria c. Cell Wall d. Vacuole

47. Clicker Question #14 These two organelles are NOT found in animal cells: a. Chloroplast & Mitochondria b. Cilia & Vacuoles c. Cell Wall & Chloroplast d. Mitochondria & Vacuoles

48. Clicker Question #15 These are very large in plants and provides support when filled with water: a. Chloroplast b. Mitochondria c. Cell Wall d. Vacuole

49. Clicker Question #16 Which of the following has a cell wall? a. Mushroom b. Sunflower c. E. coli d. All of the above

50. Endosymbiotic Theory Endosymbiotic Theory proposes that eukaryotic cells arose from living communities formed by prokaryotic organisms. Endo- Endo- means inside - symbiotic - symbiotic means a relationship where both partners benefit

51. Endosymbiotic Theory Prokaryotes entered ancestral eukaryotes Prokaryotes did NOT act as a parasite by infecting the host (eukaryote) Eukaryotes did NOT digest the prokaryotes Instead, the smaller prokaryotes began LIVING inside the larger cell – giving rise to eukaryotes

53. Evidence Supporting the Endosymbiotic Theory 1st - Mitochondria & Chloroplasts have DNA similar to bacterial DNA. 2nd – Mitochondria & Chloroplasts have ribosomes whose size & structure resembles those of bacteria. 3rd – Like bacteria, Mitochondria & Chloroplasts reproduce by binary fission when the cells containing them divide by mitosis. Click Here For Animation Tutorial

54. Clicker Question #17 Which of the following summarizes the Endosymbiotic Theory? a. Mitochondria & chloroplasts in eukaryotes were once prokaryotes b. Ribosomes & lysosomes in eukaryotes were once prokaryotes c. Mitochondria & chloroplasts are now found inside prokaryotes d. None of the above

55. Clicker Question #18 Which of the following are true? a. Mitochondria has DNA similar to prokaryotes b.Ribosomes in eukaryotes are similar to prokaryotes c. When mitochondria create more of themselves, they divide similar to how prokaryotes divide d.All of the above

56. Viruses Virus comes from the Latin word for “poison” Viruses are particles of nucleic acid, protein, and in some cases lipids, that can reproduce only by infecting living cells. Viruses are so small that they can only be seen using an electron microscope. AIDS Virus Flu Virus Ebola VirusBacteriaph age

57. Viruses Viruses have NO organelles! A typical virus is composed of a core of either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat. Common Cold VirusSmall Pox VirusPolio VirusHerpes Virus

58. Viruses A virus’s outer protein coat is called its capsid. A capsid is an outer protein coat that enables a virus to enter a host cell. The capsid binds to the surface of a cell and “tricks” the cell into allowing it inside.

59. Viruses Once inside the cell, the viral genes take over. The cell transcribes (reads and copies) the viral genes, putting the genetic program of the virus into effect. And often times the virus destroys the host cell Viral Infection Animation

60. Viruses Vaccine : A preparation of a weakened or killed pathogen, upon injection, stimulates antibody production or cellular immunity against the pathogen but is incapable of causing severe infection (sickness). A world wide vaccination program was able to eliminate smallpox! Antibiotics NEVER cure viral infections!!... ONLY Bacteria Click here to compare size! Small pox

61. Bacteria (cells) Viruses Both Has organelles Reproduces on their own Has NO organelles Must have host to reproduce Large in size Extremely small in size DNA or RNA Cause disease Capsid for protection Cell wall for protection

62. Clicker Question #19 Which of the following statements is true about viruses? a. Viruses do not have DNA b. Viruses must have a host to reproduce c. Antibiotics kill viruses d. Viruses have organelles

63. Clicker Question #20 Which of the following is the smallest? a. White blood cell b. Pollen c. Bacteria d. Virus

64. Clicker Question #21 Which of the following do viruses NOT have? a. Organelles b. Capsid c. Genetic material d. They have all of the above

65. Clicker Question #22 DNA is located here: a. Chloroplast b. Nucleus c. Lysosomes d. Vacuoles

66. The End

67. Answers 1. B6. C11. A16. D 2. D7. B12. A17. A 3. A8. C13. C18. D 4. B9. B14. D19. B 5. A10. C15. B20. D 21. A 22. B