1. NADIR – MURI – Oct 20081

2. 2 The ESA Study aims to address all issues regarding derivation of absolute Air Density from Precision Satellite Accelerometers:- Preparation for the ESA Swarm Mission: Three Spacecraft with coordinated orbits; Each Spacecraft carries a precision accelerometer (etc). ISSUES: Drag Coefficient: function of shape, orbit, atmospheric temp / composition? Exact Spacecraft Area and Mass? Correction for the in-track thermospheric wind component Unknown effects / influences due to attitude control systems etc

3. NADIR – MURI – Oct 20083

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6. 6 CHAMP

7. NADIR – MURI – Oct 20087 CHAMP Geometry CHAMP area from X-direction (front) CH-ITDID-0001 0.7425 m2 Reference GFZ Panels 0.4701 m2 -37% Bruinsma & Biancale Panels 0.6366 m2 -14% ANGARA 0.7944 m2 +7% These differences are very important for absolute density!! CHAMP

8. NADIR – MURI – Oct 20088

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11. NADIR – MURI – Oct 200811

12. NADIR – MURI – Oct 200812

13. NADIR – MURI – Oct 200813 CHAMP - Bias

14. NADIR – MURI – Oct 200814 GRACE

15. NADIR – MURI – Oct 200815 GRACE

16. NADIR – MURI – Oct 200816 GRACE

17. NADIR – MURI – Oct 200817 Cross-Wind Corrections

18. NADIR – MURI – Oct 200818

19. NADIR – MURI – Oct 200819 CHAMP

20. NADIR – MURI – Oct 200820 CHAMP

21. NADIR – MURI – Oct 200821 GRACE

22. NADIR – MURI – Oct 200822

23. NADIR – MURI – Oct 200823 CHAMP vs CTIP - Density

24. NADIR – MURI – Oct 200824 CHAMP vs CTIP – Zonal Wind

25. NADIR – MURI – Oct 200825 CHAMP vs CTIP - Temperature

26. NADIR – MURI – Oct 200826 Wind Issues – I – Magneto-torquer Effect

27. NADIR – MURI – Oct 200827 Wind Issues – I – Magneto-torquer Effect

28. NADIR – MURI – Oct 200828 Physical Drag Coefficients for four compact shapes at Solar Minimum Note: Cd for CHAMP, GRACE and Swarm are all “way off the right side” Summary Taken From Moe and Moe, 2008 (COSPAR) Density Issues – I – Coefficient of Drag

29. NADIR – MURI – Oct 200829 Summary Taken From Moe and Moe, 2008 (COSPAR) Percentage by which the Jacchia Model (J70 etc) Densities are too High AltitudeSolar Minimum (km)Solar Maximum (km) 1504 20076 25010 8 300139 35010 40012 50012 Density Issues – I – Coefficient of Drag

30. NADIR – MURI – Oct 200830 Summary [13] Densities at about 400 km altitude derived from satellite orbital decay using the high-accuracy Special Perturbations technique indicate an unmodeled long- term decrease of 1.7% per decade over the period 1970–2000. Based on the linear extrapolation assumptions, our results agree with findings of theoretical simulations by Roble and Dickinson [1989], Rishbeth and Roble [1992], and Akmaev [2003] to within +0.3% to 0.8% per decade. Our results indicate that the overall cooling from 1970 through 2000 is about 3.2% per decade less than that derived by Keating for three solar minimum conditions alone and 1.1% per decade less than that of Emmert et al. [2004] over a period similar to ours. Detection of a long-term decrease in thermospheric neutral density: Frank A. Marcos, John O. Wise, Michael J. Kendra, Neil J. Grossbard, and Bruce R. Bowman. Density Issues – II – Decadal Changes

31. NADIR – MURI – Oct 200831 IMF dependence of high latitude thermospheric wind pattern derived from CHAMP cross-track accelerometer data and the corresponding magnetospheric convection from Cluster EDI (COSPAR 2008 – C13 July 2008) Matthias Förster 1, Stein E. Haaland 2,3, Stefanie Rentz 1, and Huixin Liu 4 1 Helmholtz Zentrum Potsdam, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ), Germany, mfo@gfzpotsdam.de 2 Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany and at: 3. Department of Physics, University of Bergen, Norway, 4 Hokkaido University, Div. of Earth and Planet. Science, Sapporo, Japan Abstract: Neutral thermospheric wind pattern at high latitudes obtained from crosstrack acceleration measurements of the CHAMP satellite above both North and South polar regions are statistically analyzed in their dependence on the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) direction in the GSM yz plane (clock angle). We compare this dependency with magnetospheric convection pattern using 1minaverages of Cluster/EDI electric drift observations and the same IMF and solar wind sorting conditions. The spatially distributed Cluster/EDI measurements are mapped to a the common reference level at ionospheric F-region heights in a magnetic latitude/MLT grid. We obtained both regular thermospheric wind and plasma drift pattern according to the various IMF conditions. The IMFdependency shows some similarity with the corresponding high latitude plasma convection insofar that the largerscale convection cells, in particular the roundshaped dusk cell for IMF By+ (By) conditions at the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere, leave their marks on the dominant general transpolar wind circulation from the dayside to the nightside. The direction of the transpolar circulation is generally deflected toward a duskward flow, in particular in the evening to nighttime sector. The degree of deflection correlates with the IMF clock angle. It is larger for IMF By+ than for By and is systematically larger (about 5 deg) and appear less structured at the Southern Hemisphere compared with the Northern. Thermospheric cross-polar wind amplitudes are largest for IMF Bz/By conditions (corresponding to sector 5) at the Northern Hemisphere, but for IMF Bz/ By+ conditions (sector 3) at the Southern because the magnetospheric convection is in favour of largest wind accelerations over the polar cap under these conditions. The overall variance of the thermospheric wind magnitude at Southern high latitudes is larger than for the Northern. This is probably due to a larger “stirring effect” at the Southern Hemisphere because of the larger distance between the geographic and geomagnetic frameworks. CHAMP

32. NADIR – MURI – Oct 200832 CHAMP Winds – North Polar Region

33. NADIR – MURI – Oct 200833 CHAMP Winds – Hemispheric Comparison

34. NADIR – MURI – Oct 200834 CHAMP Winds – North Polar Region

35. NADIR – MURI – Oct 200835 CHAMP Winds – North Polar Region

36. NADIR – MURI – Oct 200836 Conclusions Large scale clockwise circulation vortices at the dusk side are dominant features for IMF By+ conditions in the Northern, and By- in the Southern Hemisphere. The dawn cell is not favoured for thermospheric wind response of plasma circulation due to counteracting Coriolis and centrifugal forces. Largest magnitudes of crosspolar upper thermospheric winds occur for IMF Bz/ By (sector 5) at the Northern, and Bz/By+ (sector 3) at Southern Hemisphere. Larger standard deviations of the wind amplitudes at the Southern Hemisphere in comparison with the Northern (“stirring effect”). The “pressure valve” effect for the neutral wind is manifested also in smaller angular variations of wind vector directions under these asymmetric conditions. CHAMP – Winds - Summary

37. NADIR – MURI – Oct 200837 There will be a Swarm Science Meeting at: DFG-Potsdam (near Berlin, Germany): Most probably from 24-26 June 2009. It is also planned to hold a ½ day Meeting of the CIRA Working Group in conjunction with this Meeting Please notify me if interested in attending the Meeting. INIVITATION – CIRA W.G. Meeting

38. NADIR – MURI – Oct 200838 COSPAR 2008 Montréal, July 2008 References: Haaland, S. E.; Paschmann, G.; Förster, M.; Quinn, J. M.; Torbert, R. B.; McIlwain, C. E.; Vaith, H.; PuhlQuinn, P. A.; Kletzing, C. A. (2007): High latitude plasma convection from Cluster EDI measurements: method and IMF dependence, Annales Geophysicae, 25, 239253. Förster, M.; Paschmann, G.; Haaland, S. E.; Quinn, J. M.; Torbert, R. B.; Vaith, H.; Kletzing, C. A. (2007): High latitude plasma convection from Cluster EDI: variances and solar wind correlations, Annales Geophysicae, 25, 7, 16911707. Förster, M.; Rentz, S.; Köhler, W.; Liu, H.; Haaland, S. E. (2008): IMF dependence of high latitude thermospheric wind pattern derived from CHAMP cross track measurements, Annales Geophysicae, 26, 6, 15811595. CHAMP