1. Infant Smiling Dynamics And Perceived Positive Emotion D. Messinger, T. Cassel, Z. Ambadar, & J. Cohn Facial Expression as a Window on Perceptual-Cognitive Processing, Hedonics, & Affective Communication in Infants July, 2008 The 12th European Conference On Facial Expression University of Geneva, Switzerland

2. What Infant Smiles Tell Us About Positive Emotion: An Automated Approach How do infants smile? How do infants smile? Smile strength (AU12) Smile strength (AU12) Cheek Raise / Eye Constriction (AU6) Cheek Raise / Eye Constriction (AU6) Lip Parting - Mouth Opening (AUs 25/26/27) Lip Parting - Mouth Opening (AUs 25/26/27) How are actions associated in time? How are actions associated in time? Do they predict rated positive emotion? Do they predict rated positive emotion? Not Yes/No, but how much?

5. Now: Feature Point Tracking AFA3 Automated Measurement Later Today: Other Approaches Other Topics AFA4 + …

6. Smile Strength Mouth Opening Range.54 -.9653 -.96 Mean.76.83 Reliability Correlations: Manual FACS & Automated AFA3

7. Infant Sequence Duration Seconds Smile Duration Seconds A64 B66 C86 D1514 E65 Lengthy Smiles

8. Infant Sequence Duration Secs + Frames Smile Duration Secs + Frames A5 s + 29 f3 s + 29 f B5 s + 15 f C7 s + 25 f6 s D15 s + 7 f14 s + 6 f E6 s + 9 f5 s + 9 f Smiles Can Be Lengthy

10. Manual/Ordinal FACS Perspective Some Ebb And Flow In These Smiles

12. psy.miami.edu/faculty/dmessinger/ Continuous/Automated Perspective: Ebb And Flow In These Smiles

13. AU6 (Manual) Mouth Opening Auto/Manual Smile Strength Auto/Manual.68.58 Actions Associated In Time.21/.51

14. Half Speed

15. psy.miami.edu/faculty/dmessinger/ Vertical bars are the standard deviations of the parent sample. Students & parents rate images similarly

16. Students & Parents Rating Still Images

18. Positive Feeling Automated: Mean of Smile Strength & Mouth Opening Automated Measurements  Positive Ratings of Images

19. psy.miami.edu/faculty/dmessinger/ Emotion Ratings Of Non-expert Observers Switch to mouse control Rating Cursor Scaling Bar Picture Frame Menu Figure 1. Screenshot of Continuous Rating SoftwarePositiveEmotionalValenceRatings

20. Continuous Measurements Predict Continuous Emotion Ratings

21. Automated Measurements Predict Positive Emotion in Video Ratings Positive Feeling Mean of Automated Smile Strength & Mouth Opening

22. Emotion as a Continuous Process Infant interactive smiles can be lengthy Infant interactive smiles can be lengthy They involve the movement of actions linked in time They involve the movement of actions linked in time Smile strength, AU6, Mouth Opening Smile strength, AU6, Mouth Opening All actions predict rated positive emotion (univariate) All actions predict rated positive emotion (univariate) Smile strength and mouth opening predict independently Smile strength and mouth opening predict independently Infant positive emotion is a multipeaked process with several linked indices Infant positive emotion is a multipeaked process with several linked indices

23. Issues for later today Measurement Measurement Interaction Interaction

24. Thanks!

25. BabyFACS Matrix (3 + None)

26. BabyFACS Matrix psy.miami.edu/faculty/dmessinger/