1. IDENTIFYING VARIABLES 1

2.  Something that varies.  Symbol to which numerals or values are attached.  Concept or its empirical measure that can take on multiple values. 2

3.  Concepts are mental images or perceptions.  Indicators : set of criteria reflective of the concept which can be then converted into variables.  Variables are measurable with varying degrees of accuracy.  A concept cannot be measured whereas a variable can be subjected to measurement. 3

4. ConceptIndicatorVariable 4

5. ConceptIndicatorVariableDecision level Rich 1. Income 2. Assets 1. Income per year 2. Total value of : home (s), investment, car, boat 1. If > AED 100 000 2. If > AED 250 000 High academic achievement 1. Avg. marks in exams 2. Avg. marks in assig. 3. Aggregate marks 1. % of marks 2. % of marks 3. % of marks 1. If > 75% 2. If > 75% 3. If > 80% 5

6. A variable can be classified in a number of ways. The classification developed here results from looking at variables in three ways: 1. The Causal relationship 2. The design of the study 3. The unit of measurement 6

7. In studies attempting to investigate a causal relationship or association may involve four types of variables: 1. Independent Variable (IV) : this is a variable responsible for bringing changes in a phenomenon or a situation. 2. Dependent Variable (DV) : is the outcome of the changes brought by an independent variable. 7

8. 3. Extraneous Variable : other variables, not measured in a study, may increase or decrease the magnitude or strength of the relationship between IV & DV. 4. Intervening Variable : this is a variable links the IV & DV. This is a situation where the relationship between IV & DV cannot be established without the intervention of another variable. 8

9. Extraneous Variables affecting the relationship Income Subject area Experience Environment IV DV Education 9

10. IV Transportations Extent of the use of transportations Intervening Variables DV Economic growth Roads Cost Technologies Facilities Extraneous Variables 10

11.  Active variables : those variables can be manipulated, changed or controlled. Example: teaching methods, experimental intervention, program, service etc.  Attribute variable : Those variables that cannot be changed or manipulated or controlled, and that reflect the characteristics of the study population. Examples: age, gender, education, income etc. 11

12.  From the viewpoint of the unit of measurement, there are two ways of categorizing variables: 1. Whether the unit of measurement is categorical or continuous in nature 2. Whether is qualitative or quantitative in nature

13. Categorical variables are variables that can be divided into categories or arranged according to order. The variables are measured on nominal or ordinal measurement scales, and can be of three types: 1. Constant Variable : has only one category. Example: fire, water, tree, taxi etc. 2. Dichotomous Variable : has two categories. Example: yes/no, male/female, good/bad. 3. Polytomous Variable : has more than two categories. Example: Labor, Liberal, Democrat; student, faculty member, administrative staff. 13

14. These are variables measured either on an interval or a ratio scale, have continuity of measurement. They can take on any value on the scale on which they are measured. Example: age and income. Age can be measured in years, months and days. Similarly, income can be measured in dollars and cents.

15. Categorical variables Continuous QualitativeQuantitative Constant Dichotomous Polytomous -water -tree -taxi -yes/no -good/bad -rich/poor -day/night -male/female Attitudes -strongly favourable -favourable -uncertain -strongly unfavourable Political parties -Labor -Liberal -Democrat Age -old -young -child Income ($) Age (years) Weight (kg) Age -old -young -child Income -high -middle -low Gender -male -female Age …….. (years/mont hs Income …..(per year) Temperature ……..c or F

16. There are four types of measurement scale: 1. Nominal or classificatory scale 2. Ordinal or ranking scale 3. Interval scale 4. Ratio scale 16

17.  A nominal scale enables the classification of individuals, objects or responses based on a common or shared property or characteristic.  These people, objects or responses are divided into a number of subgroups in such a way that each member of the subgroup has a common characteristic.  Classification by means of a nominal scale ensures that individuals, objects or responses within the same subgroup have a common characteristic or property as the basis of classification.  The sequence in which subgroups are listed makes no difference as there is no relationship among subgroup. 17

18. Measurement scaleExampleCharacteristics Nominal / classificatory -tree -house -taxi Gender -male -female Political parties -Labor -Liberal -Democrat Age -old -young -child Each subgroup has a characteristic which is common to all classified within that group 18

19.  An ordinal scale has all the properties of a nominal scale plus one of its own.  Besides categorizing individuals, objects, reposes or a property into subgroups on the basis of a common characteristic, it ranks the subgroups in a certain order.  They are arranged either in ascending or descending order according to the extent a subcategory reflects the magnitude of variation in the variable. 19

20. Measurement scale ExampleCharacteristics Ordinal /Ranking Income -above average -average -below average Attitudes -strongly favourable -favourable -uncertain -strongly unfavourable It has characteristic of a nominal scale, e.g. individuals groups, characteristic classified under a subgroup have common characteristic Plus Subgroups have relationship to one another. They are arranged in ascending or descending order 20

21.  An interval scale has all the characteristics of an ordinal scale; that is, individuals or responses belonging to a subcategory have a common characteristic and the subcategories are arranged in an ascending or descending order.  In addition, an interval scale uses a unit of measurement that enables the individuals or responses to be placed at equally spaced intervals in relation to the spread of the variable.  This scale has starting and terminating point that is divided into equally spaced units/intervals. 21

22. Measurement scale ExampleCharacteristics Interval Temperature : Celcius : 0 c Fahrenheit: 32 F Attitudinal scale : -10-20 -21-30 -31-40 41-50 etc. It has all the characteristics of an ordinal scale Plus a unit of measurement with starting and terminating point. Characteristics and examples of the scales 22

23.  A ratio scale has all the properties of nominal, ordinal and interval scales plus its own property: the zero point of a ratio scale is fixed, which means it has a fixed starting point.  Therefore, it is an absolute scale  The difference between the intervals is always measured from a zero point.  This means the ratio scale can be used for mathematical operations.  The measurement of income, age, height and weight are examples of this scale.  23

24.  A person who is 40 years of age is twice as old as a 20-year old.  A person earning AED 60,000.00 per year earns three times the salary of a person earning AED 20,000.00 24

25. Measurement scale ExampleCharacteristics Ratio Height : cm Income : $ Age : year/month Weight : kg It has all the properties of an interval scale Plus a fixed starting point (e.g. a zero point) Characteristics and examples of the scales 25

26. END Of CHAPTER 4 26