1. DO NOW: Figuring Out Who You Are Take a copy of the article from the stool and read it independently. Decide what you think of it and be prepared to discuss. Keep the following things in mind: Processing Perception Schema Distortions http://thoughtcatalog.com/2011/the-painful-art-of-figuring-out- who-you-are/ http://thoughtcatalog.com/2011/the-painful-art-of-figuring-out- who-you-are/

2. Unit 3: Cognitive Level of Analysis

3. What is Cognition? Cognitive LoA is new to psychology (40-50 years) Important way to look at your life – important to be able to think about your thinking (metacognition) Understanding of perception = awesome. Do we study this in the lab or in a daily context?

4. Cognitive LoA Cognitive psychology: concerns itself with the structure and functions of the mind Mind: a set of mental processes that are carried out by the brain Mental processes (cognitions): include perception, thinking, problem solving, memory, language, and attention Cognitions: based on mental representations of the world such as images, words, and concepts

5. 1. Mental processes guide behavior 2. The mind can be studied scientifically 3. Cognitive processes are influenced by social and cultural factors Principles of the Cognitive Level of Analysis

6. What about memory? Memory = reconstructive nature Only outlines, not exact copies  false memories The brain is able to fabricate illusions so realistic we believe they are true

7. Perception How do we perceive things? Perception: the cognitive process that interprets and organizes information from the senses to produce some meaningful experience of the world Problem: what people think is objective may not be… why? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jkaSIOqUgY

8. What about technology?

9. In groups of 4, consider the questions in the “Be A Thinker” box on p. 69. Be prepared to discuss. 1.What can a human do that a computer can’t? 2.What can a computer do that a human can’t? 3.Do you think it will ever be possible to construct a robot that can be exactly like a human? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FC3IryWr4c8

10. Cognitive Psychology: Methodology Methods Experiments: we will look in a second Observations: observe the effects of a pre-existing condition Interviews and Self-Report: questionnaires, interviews, surveys Psychometric Testing: standardized tests, other aptitude tests, Wechsler Memory Scale

11. Strengths and Limitations; Ethical Considerations Ecological Validity Relevance to everyday life Meaningfulness of research Why might lab experiments lack ecological validity? Ethics Examples: Malpass and Devine (1981) Suspect ID Loftus and Palmer (1974, 1975, & 1979)

12. Experiment Video How fast was the car going when it hit the other car? How fast was the car going when it smashed into the other car? How fast was the car going when it collided with the other car? How fast was the car going when it bumped the other car?

13. RESEARCH IN COGNITION

14. Donders (1868) Reflex Tests Stroop task

15. Historical Context: The First Cognitive Psychologists Donders (1868) Mental chronometry Measuring how long a cognitive process takes Reaction-time (RT) experiment Measures interval between stimulus presentation and person’s response to stimulus

16. Historical Context: The First Cognitive Psychologists Donders (1868) (a) Simple RT task: participant pushes a button quickly after a light appears (b) Choice RT task: participant pushes one button if light is on right side, another if light is on left side

17. Historical Context: The First Cognitive Psychologists Donders (1868) Choice RT – Simple RT = Time to make a decision Choice RT 1/10 th sec longer than Simple RT Mental responses cannot be measured directly but can be inferred from behavior

18. STROOP TASK

19. BlueRedGreenYellow RedGreenBlueYellow BlueYellowRedBlue GreenRedGreenRed YellowRedYellowBlue

20. BlueRedGreenYellow RedGreenBlueYellow BlueYellowRedBlue GreenRedGreenRed YellowRedYellowBlue We can infer a different mental response

21. Processing Bottom-up processing Top-down processing