1. C 16- Primate Evolution Pp. 420-441

2. Content 16-1 Primate Adaptation & Evolution 16-2 Human AncestryHuman Ancestry

3. Primate Adaptation & Evolution Primates – group of mammals including lemurs, monkeys, apes & humans. Common traits – opposable thumbs, binocular vision, large relative brain volume, flexible arms & joints, grasping feet.

4. Primate Origins Strepsirrhines earliest fossils 50 -55 MYA Current ex. Lemurs, aye-ayes in Africa & SE Asia Typically small, nocturnal animals w/ big eyes

5. Primate Origins Haplorhines – tarsiers & anthropoids such as hominoids including apes & humans, Old & New World monkeys More complex brains, more upright posture, different skeletal features.

6. Primate Origins New World Monkeys- 30 -35 MY old fossils Central & S America Arboreal with prehensile tail

7. Primate Origins Old World Monkeys Arboreal or terrestrial without prehensile tails; includes colobus monkeys, macaques, baboons. Adapted to many varied environments from hot, dry savannas to cold mountain forests. Fossils 20 – 22 MYA

8. Primate Origins Hominoids- apes (orangutans, gibbons, chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas) or humans Lack tails, have long, muscled forelimbs, large brain capacity Oldest anthropoid fossils 37 – 40 MYA

9. Primate Origins By examining DNA of modern hominoids, scientists have evaluated the probable order in which apes and humans evolved. Chimpanzees share the closest common ancestor w/ humans. Jane Goodall

10. 16.2 Human Ancestry In Africa, 5-8 MYA, a population ancestral to chimpanzees & humans diverged. May have been due to environmental changes. Bipedal hominids had a survival advantage.

11. Human Ancestry Australopithecus africanus discovered by Raymond Dart 1924 with features of both apes & humans. Braincase & facial structure of ape & position of foramen magnum like humans 2.5-2.8 MYA

12. Human Ancestry Paleoanthropologist Donald Johanson (1974) “Lucy” Australopithecus afarensis found in E Africa 3-4 MYA Although braincase was more like chimp, pelvic bone was more humanlike.

14. The Emergence of Modern Humans Walking with Cavemen - Part 2 Blood Brothers 3 of 3 > Handy man or Homo habilis 1.5 -2.5 MYA Homo habilis skull

15. Primate Adaptation & Evolution Handy man or Homo habilis 1.5 -2.5 MYA Discovered 1964 by Louis & Mary Leakey in Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania in Africa Earliest known hominid to use tools Homo habilis

16. The Emergence of Modern Humans Homo erectus 1.5-1.8 MYA “upright human” Larger brain, more human face, prominent brow ridges, lower jaw w/ no chin Evidence suggests hunters lived in caves Africa, Asia, & Europe

17. The Emergence of Modern Humans H. sapiens 100,000 – 500,000 YA Neandertals 35,000 – 100,000YA during ice age, had religious views & spoken language Cro Magnon more modern with similar size to humans, toolmakers & artists

18. Emergence of Modern Humans Humans haven’t changed much in past 200,000 years. Africa, Europe, Asia, North America 10,000-8000 YA native Americans had establish settlements w/ domesticated animals & farming