1. 1 Approaches to the Study of Behavior __________can be defined as the way an organism responds to stimuli in its environment. Is behavior learned or genetic? _______________

2. 2 Learning Influences Behavior Comparative psychologists focus on learning as the major element that shapes behavior. – __________________  Animal is not required to form association between a stimulus and a response. examples – ___________ - decrease in response to a repeated stimulus with no positive or negative consequences – ____________ - increased responsiveness to a stimulus

3. 3 Learning Associative learning – Association between two stimuli or between a stimulus and a response. _______________conditioning - Paired presentation of two different stimuli creates an association between the stimuli (Pavlovian conditioning). ______________conditioning - Animal learns to associate its behavioral response with a r______________________________ – trial and error Skinner Box- mice learn to push a lever to release food. (They will push a lever to get cocaine and ignore food, sex, and play, until they die.)

4. 4 The Development of Behavior Parent-offspring interactions – _______________ - social attachments to other individuals that will influence behavior later in life (Konrad Lorenz)  ____________or _______________

5. 5 Orientation and Migration ___________ - movement toward or away from a stimulus – positive (toward) and negative (away) ___________ - increase in general activity level due to increased stimulus intensity ___________ - long-range, two-way movements – monarch butterflies

6. 6 Orientation and Migration Navigation – _____________ - ability to set or adjust a bearing and follow it – ______________ - ability to follow a bearing  Inexperienced starlings appear to migrate by orientation, while older birds use true navigation.  magnetic field  celestial clues

7. 7 Courtship Pheromones and acoustic signals – Pheromones are chemical messengers used for communication between individuals, and often serve as sex attractants  ____________are the most famous example  In humans- _________________are from two individuals, right?.  Also human _______________ is affected by pheromones. – Many ___________________________produce species-specific acoustic signals to attract mates.

8. 8 Communication in Social Groups Communicated information: – _________________________ – ________________________ – _______________________ – ________________________  Waggle dance of European honeybee relays direction and distance of a located food source. – primate vocalizations

9. 9 Exchange of information can affect a change in behavior. How can one organism influence the behavior of another? Give one example for each: – Fight of flight response – Predator warning alarm – Protection of young – Plant response to herbivore – Avoidance response

10. 10 Parental Investment and Mate Choice Mate choice occurs when individuals do not mate at random, but appear to make decisions on mates base on quality. – common in _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Parental investment refers to contributions each sex makes in producing and rearing offspring. – usually higher in females – In mormon crickets, _______________________________________ _______________________________________

11. 11 Mating Systems Number of mates – _____________ - one male and one female – _____________ - one male and many females – ____________ - one female and several males Needs of offspring – __________- require extensive, prolonged care (ex. humans) – ___________ - require little parental care

12. 12 Factors Favoring Altruism and Group Learning __________ - performance of an action that benefits another individual at a cost to the actor (nest helpers) – Natural selection would seem to argue against altruism.  Such acts may not be truly altruistic, and may be benefiting the actor.  ______________________________ ______________________________

13. 13 Factors Favoring Altruism and Group Learning __________________ - Individuals may form partnerships in which mutual exchanges of altruistic acts occur. Ex: __________________will share blood with those who have shared with them in the past. ________________- By directing aid toward close genetic relatives, an altruist may increase reproductive success of its relatives enough to compensate for the reduction in its own fitness. – The more closely related the individuals, the more likely the potential genetic gain.

14. 14 Altruism __________________Altruistic acts (acts that benefit another member of the same species) are favored when ____________ r = relatedness –proportion of shared alleles b = benefit c = cost

15. 15 Cooperative behavior increases fitness of individual and population survival ________________________________ _______________________________ _________________________________

16. 16 Examples of Alarm Signal _________________________ – sound alarm calls when spot predators  Females are more likely to call than males because colony is mostly her relatives. – _____________: She is “protecting” her genes when she protects her relatives.

17. 17 Group Living - Evolution of Social Systems Society - group of organisms of the same species organized in a cooperative manner Insects – __________________________________ _________________________are social  social colonies are composed of different ______________ of workers that differ in size and morphology and have different tasks to perform.

18. 18 Natural Selection and Behavior 3.E.1 c Natural selection favors innate and learned behaviors that increase survival and reproductive fitness – Examples:  ________________________________

19. 19 Essential Knowledge 3.E.1- b Animals use visual, audible, tactile, electrical and chemical signals to indicate dominance, find food, establish territory and ensure reproductive success – _________________________________

20. 20 Response to Environment Examples ______________ and ___________ in plants ____________ and __________ in animals _______and _________in animals ____________ in bacteria, sexual reproduction in fungi _____________ and _________ activity: ____________ rhythms _______________ Shivering and sweating in humans