1. Oceanographic History Part 2

2. The Middle Ages  Vikings Westward exploration began in the 9 th century Westward exploration began in the 9 th century Discovered Iceland and Greenland Discovered Iceland and Greenland Leif Eriksson landed in North America at Newfoundland, Canada Leif Eriksson landed in North America at Newfoundland, Canada  Chinese Invented the first compass in 1000 A.D. Invented the first compass in 1000 A.D. Built ships with central rudders and watertight compartments Built ships with central rudders and watertight compartments

3. European Voyages of Discovery 1400-1700  Needed a route around Africa for trade  Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal Mapped the African west coast Mapped the African west coast  Bartholomeu Dias Completed the first voyage around the Cape of Good Hope in 1487 Completed the first voyage around the Cape of Good Hope in 1487  Vasco da Gama Led the first expedition around the Cape of Good Hope to India in 1497 Led the first expedition around the Cape of Good Hope to India in 1497

4. Christopher Columbus  Was seeking a route to Asia for trade  Landed in the Caribbean

5. Ferdinand Magellan  In 1519, he set sail to circumnavigate the world.  Left with 5 ships and 260 men  1 ship returned in 1522 with 18 men  Magellan died on the voyage in the Philippines

6. Francis Drake  Completed the second circumnavigation of the world.

7. Birth of Marine Science 1700-1900  Cook’s Expeditions Different from other expeditions because they were launched with science and exploration goals Different from other expeditions because they were launched with science and exploration goals In 1735, Cook invented the chronometer. In 1735, Cook invented the chronometer. An accurate clock the allowed the determination of longitude at sea.An accurate clock the allowed the determination of longitude at sea.

8. Cook’s Discoveries  He was sent to discover the unknown southern continent.  Found islands and explored Australia.  Never found Antarctica but knew it existed.

9. United States Exploration  Congress authorized 5 ships to explore southern oceans in 1836.  Found Antarctica

10. Matthew Maury  Father of Physical Oceanography  In 1855, he published the first textbook on modern physical oceanography, The Physical Geography of the Sea

11. Darwin and the H.M.S. Beagle  5 year voyage during which he made observations about coral reefs Stated that coral reefs grow as the seafloor sinks Stated that coral reefs grow as the seafloor sinks  In the Galapagos Islands his observations led him to create his theories on natural selection and evolution.

12. The Challenger Expedition  Launched in 1872  First voyage launched solely for marine science  Discovered the Marianas Trench and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge  Made the first soundings over 4000m deep  Identified 715 new genera and 4717 new species

14. 20 th Century Marine Science  3 expeditions The Meteor The Meteor Crossed the Atlantic 14 times in 2 years beginning in 1925Crossed the Atlantic 14 times in 2 years beginning in 1925 Established patterns of circulation in the AtlanticEstablished patterns of circulation in the Atlantic Made the first detailed ocean floor mapMade the first detailed ocean floor map The Atlantis The Atlantis First ship specifically designed and built for ocean studiesFirst ship specifically designed and built for ocean studies

15. 20 th Century Marine Science The Challenger II The Challenger II Launched in 1951Launched in 1951 Located the Challenger DeepLocated the Challenger Deep Deepest known spot in the ocean Deepest known spot in the ocean In the Marianas Trench In the Marianas Trench 10,838m (35,558 ft) deep 10,838m (35,558 ft) deep

16. Types of Submersibles  3 types used for underwater research Bathyspheres Bathyspheres Simple sealed spheres suspended by a cableSimple sealed spheres suspended by a cable No longer usedNo longer used Bathyscapes Bathyscapes Untethered craft that function like an underwater blimpUntethered craft that function like an underwater blimp Trieste is the only vessel to visit the bottom of the Challenger DeepTrieste is the only vessel to visit the bottom of the Challenger Deep Deep diving submersibles Deep diving submersibles

18. ROVs and AUVs  ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle) Small unmanned submarine with propellers, video camera and chord to the surface Small unmanned submarine with propellers, video camera and chord to the surface  AUV (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle) Untethered robotic devices propelled through the water by self-contained power systems. Untethered robotic devices propelled through the water by self-contained power systems. Piloted by an onboard computer Piloted by an onboard computer

19. Satellites  LORAN-C Long range navigation Long range navigation Used land based transmitters along the coast Used land based transmitters along the coast Accuracy varies with distance Accuracy varies with distance  Satellites Assist with global observations of the ocean Assist with global observations of the ocean Assist in understanding oceanic effects on global climate systems Assist in understanding oceanic effects on global climate systems Help to validate computer models Help to validate computer models