1. Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Beni Asllani University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Operations Management Chapter 8 Supplement Roberta Russell & Bernard W. Taylor, III Operational Decision-Making Tools: Work Measurement

2. Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Supplement 8-2 Lecture Outline  Time Studies  Work Sampling

3. Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Supplement 8-3 New Tools With this PDA, you can study elements, time, performance rate, and statistical confidence intervals can be created, edited, managed, and downloaded to a spreadsheet

4. Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Supplement 8-4 Work Measurement  Determining how long it takes to do a job  Growing importance in service sector Services tend to be labor-intensive Service jobs are often repetitive  Time studies Standard time is time required by an average worker to perform a job once incentive piece-rate wage system based on time study

5. Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Supplement 8-5 Stopwatch Time Study Basic Steps  Establish standard job method  Break down job into elements  Study job  Rate worker’s performance (RF)  Compute average time (t)

6. Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Supplement 8-6 Stopwatch Time Study Basic Steps (cont.)  Compute normal time  Compute standard time Normal Cycle Time = NT =  Nt Normal Time = (Elemental average) x (rating factor) Nt =(t )(RF) ST = (NT)(1 + AF) Standard Time = (normal cycle time) x (1 + allowance factor)

7. Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Supplement 8-7 Performing a Time Study

8. Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Supplement 8-8 Elemental Times Files  Elemental standard time files predetermined job element times  Predetermined motion times (for micro-motions)  Time measurement units TMUs = 0.0006 minute 100,000 TMU = 1 hour  Advantages worker cooperation unnecessary workplace uninterrupted performance ratings unnecessary consistent.  Disadvantages ignores job context may not reflect skills and abilities of local workers