1. Staffordshire UNIVERSITY School of Computing Version Jan 08 original by K.Ingram & J.Westlake1 Use Case Scripts The text to describe a particular Use Case interaction - in the form of a 2-way dialogue between the actor and the system provides the supporting detail for the Use Case diagram - not to be started until the diagram is complete/nearly complete also known as Use Case Descriptions You must use the template on the Resources page of the module for tutorial work and for the assignment

2. Staffordshire UNIVERSITY School of Computing Version Jan 08 original by K.Ingram & J.Westlake2 What to describe Describe the most common/normal form of interaction first - the basic course Describe possible variations separately - the alternative courses The script should be in a conversational style: –actor requests…. –System responds by…. –Actor does….. –Etc..

3. Staffordshire UNIVERSITY School of Computing Version Jan 08 original by K.Ingram & J.Westlake3 Example of a Use Case Script In the DVD rental shop, the interaction between Counter Assistant and Rent DVD use case may be: Actor ActionsSystem Response 1. Customer tenders DVD(s) to be rented and membership card 2. Counter assistant enters member3. System provides member details and no.into system status of loans and fines 4. Assistant enters identification of each DVD to be rented5. System accepts ids and gives fee payable 6. Assistant requests payment, takes money and enters payment made7. System logs payment details

4. Staffordshire UNIVERSITY School of Computing Version Jan 08 original by K.Ingram & J.Westlake4 Guidelines Include a series of numbered sections or steps which describe noteworthy events and possibly related context, constraints and business rules steps may alternate between actor and system, or may be a series of consecutive steps taken by either of them written from the user’s point of view consist of user’s vocabulary

5. Staffordshire UNIVERSITY School of Computing Version Jan 08 original by K.Ingram & J.Westlake5 Conversational Style This conversational style script (as if for a theatre play) is a good compromise between the advantages and disadvantages of other methods: –it is quick and easy to write (important for capturing early, outline information) –it is quick and easy to read and to understand –it encourages concise-ness –it identifies the required sequence of actions –it highlights causes and effects

6. Staffordshire UNIVERSITY School of Computing Version Jan 08 original by K.Ingram & J.Westlake6 Styles of Description In addition to the conversational style script, there are other ways of describing the interactions e.g. –unstructured narrative –structured English –decision tree –decision table Out of interest let us just pause for thought about the first two….

7. Staffordshire UNIVERSITY School of Computing Version Jan 08 original by K.Ingram & J.Westlake7 Unstructured Narrative A text description of what happens in standard English sentences. Advantages: –easy to write Disadvantages: –easy to include ambiguity, –lengthy both to read and to check, –does not highlight cause and effect –does not highlight sequence of actions

8. Staffordshire UNIVERSITY School of Computing Version Jan 08 original by K.Ingram & J.Westlake8 Example of Narrative Description How long does it take to understand this narrative? A DVD shop primarily rents DVDs to customers. Customers can only borrow DVDs if they are registered members, and need to produce their membership card each time they borrow a DVD. Customers come into the shop and once they have chosen the DVDs that they wish to borrow they take them to the checkout and hand them to the shop assistant. The shop assistant then enters the membership number into the system. This will produce on screen the member’s personal details, and whether any other DVDs are currently on loan. Customers cannot borrow more DVDs if there is an overdue balance owing. Providing the customer does not owe money, the shop assistant enters the DVD code which shows the rental period and the rental amount. This is repeated for each DVD. The shop assistant then asks the customer for the amount of money. Customers can pay by cash or credit card.

9. Staffordshire UNIVERSITY School of Computing Version Jan 08 original by K.Ingram & J.Westlake9 Structured English A text description of what happens but using a limited range of phrases. Advantages: concise, eliminates ambiguity, highlights sequence of actions Disadvantages: does not highlight cause and effect, may use phrases which are unfamiliar to some users

10. Staffordshire UNIVERSITY School of Computing Version Jan 08 original by K.Ingram & J.Westlake10 “Essential” Use Cases These are used during the feasibility and analysis stages of the project. The aim is to be free of implementation detail to show the essence of the business requirements (the conceptual model). Enables analysts, developers, users and clients to understand the scope of the problem and the processes required

11. Staffordshire UNIVERSITY School of Computing Version Jan 08 original by K.Ingram & J.Westlake11 “Real” Use Cases Now the Essential Use Cases will be used as the basis for lateral, creative thinking with the opportunity for new ideas on how create the system. Real Use Cases are used to document the design of the project i.e. how it will work in reality. For a user interface it may include prototype screen shots, print layouts, form layouts, menus. For a system interface it may include file layouts.

12. Staffordshire UNIVERSITY School of Computing Version Jan 08 original by K.Ingram & J.Westlake12 Templates and Example There is a template for documenting the scripts (use_case_script_template.doc) on the resources web page Attached (on the week 2 module schedule) there is an example of a use case script: –ucExample.doc shows and example with alternative courses

13. Staffordshire UNIVERSITY School of Computing Version Jan 08 original by K.Ingram & J.Westlake13 Template Sections Use Case - its identifier/name Actors - list of actors involved. Show which one initiates the use case and any other actors involved – can be more than one Overview - short outline description summarising the use case Type - category of the use case – see next slide Cross References - use case relationships (covered later)

14. Staffordshire UNIVERSITY School of Computing Version Jan 08 original by K.Ingram & J.Westlake14 Categories of Use Cases A category is useful as a check that the main processes have been identified –The category is loosely allocated – it is an attempt to think about whether the use case (process) is a major process or a minor one or optional process 1. Primary - major common process e.g. Rent Video 2. Secondary - minor or rare processes e.g. Request to supply unstocked New Video 3. Optional - processes that may or may not be used

15. Staffordshire UNIVERSITY School of Computing Version Jan 08 original by K.Ingram & J.Westlake15 Alternative Courses Alternative courses – very important –Remember Use Case Diagrams can show this Getting down to the detail of how this use case script operates Can describe alternative events to the typical story. These are the less common, the exceptional or error cases. Place all the alternatives after all the typical course of events e.g. 7. Customer pays clerk by cash or credit Alternative Courses 7. Customer has unpaid late charges and will not pay them. Collect payment or cancel rental transaction

16. Staffordshire UNIVERSITY School of Computing Version Jan 08 original by K.Ingram & J.Westlake16 Use Case Summary Use Case descriptions supply the detail of system requirements –Very useful and augment Use Case Diagrams –Use Case Diagrams have what we call a granularity problem i.e. the level of detail is limited Use Case Scripts deal with this limitation Conversational scripts are used to describe the interactions between actors and use cases The basic course may be followed by 1 or more alternative courses Essential Use Cases are used during Analysis, Real Use Cases are used during Design

17. Staffordshire UNIVERSITY School of Computing Version Jan 08 original by K.Ingram & J.Westlake17 Lecture recap questions 1.What is an > relationship between Use Cases? 2.What is an > relationship? 3.Would “returning a DVD to the shelf” be likely to be a Use Case? …….. Why? 4.Why is the Use Case description written as a script like a play? 5.How are > relationships shown on a Use Case Script? 6.What is meant by “an essential Use Case”?

18. Staffordshire UNIVERSITY School of Computing Version Jan 08 original by K.Ingram & J.Westlake18 Week2 OOM Tutorial (1 st hour) Check whether any of last week’s Use Case diagrams need to be broken down into another level of Use Case Diagram –Remember Jonathan’s advice on this in the lecture in today’s lecture Check whether any of last week’s Use Case diagrams can have a special relationship added (extends or includes) –Using Visio add them to your diagram Then…. –Get the Use Case Script template from the resources web page and write one script for one of your Use Cases from last week’s Hire Shop Use Cases We would advise you select one of the use cases which you identified as a use case which had been broken down e.g –Manage Memberships would be a “top level” use case »The use case to script would be a use called Add Member from the sheet showing the use case Manage Membership broken down into a number of use cases.

19. Staffordshire UNIVERSITY School of Computing Version Jan 08 original by K.Ingram & J.Westlake19 2 nd hour Work on your assignment Assessment for the Use Case DIAGRAM stage is next week i.e. Week 3