1. How/why does water leave the proximal tubule? ? How/why does water leave the descending loop of Henle? ? How is urine concentrated? BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II

2. How/why does water leave the distal tubule? How/why does water leave the collecting ducts? ? ? How is urine concentrated? BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II

3. Concentration of urine is dependent on the concentration gradient existing in the kidneys. Maintained 3 ways 1) _________________: Both H 2 O and solutes are lost from loop of Henle (__________________ ____________________). 2) ________________: Network of capillaries carrying blood in ___________________ of nephron flow 3) ________: Diffuses into _________ ________________… impermeable until collecting duct… ______ _______________ How is urine concentrated? BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II

4. How is urine concentrated? BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II

5. How is urine concentrated? BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II

6. 80% of reabsorption is _____________ 20% regulated via ________________ Who? What? Where? When? Why? How? Posterior pituitary Changes in _______ and __________ Maintain homeostasis Cause formation of _____________ in __________ and _____________ You How is urine concentration regulated? BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II

7. Take 2!!! Discuss with your neighbor and predict an answer. Ethyl alcohol (found in alcoholic beverages) inhibits ADH secretion. Since this is so, why/how does consumption of an alcoholic beverage influence urine production? BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II

8. Who? What? Where? When? Why? How? Kidneys, blood Changes in pressure and osmolality Maintain homeostasis _____ causes ultimate formation of ___________ which is a __________ AND causes secretion of ______________ You 80% of reabsorption is obligatory 20% regulated via hormonal control How is urine concentration regulated? BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II

9. Who? What? Where? When? Why? How? Adrenal glands ______________________ and osmolality Maintain homeostasis ______________ causes increase in ________ __________ in _________ and ______________. You 80% of reabsorption is obligatory 20% regulated via hormonal control How is urine concentration regulated? If LOW levels of aldosterone what happens to “salt” levels in filtrate? What happens to osmotic potential? BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II

10. Who? What? Where? When? Why? How? Right atrium of heart High blood volume stretches the chamber Maintain homeostasis ____________________ inhibits the secretion of _____ and the ______________________ (it also dilates vessels). You 80% of reabsorption is obligatory 20% regulated via hormonal control How is urine concentration regulated? What effect does this have on blood volume? BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II

11. Who? What? Where? When? Why? How? Afferent arteriole Changes in blood pressure Maintain homeostasis Dilate or restrict afferent arteriole. Controls what pressure? You How is urine concentration regulated? BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II

12. Who? What? Where? When? Why? How? Small renal arteries and afferent arterioles Severe stress and/or cardiac shock Appropriate resources _______________________ (including afferent arterioles) What happens to filtration pressure? You How is urine concentration regulated? BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II

13. 2 main types: ___________ ___________ ____________ How is “urine” produced artificially? BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II

14. 1) ____________ ___________ 2) _______ ________ signal _________ & ________ 3) Bladder ________ and internal sphincter ________ 4) __________ ______________ Bladder Incontinence! What is involved with micturition? BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II

15. Nephritis (acute and chronic) Renal failure (acute and chronic) Kidney stones (renal caliculi) Incontinence (nerve damage, gestational) Urinary tract infection (cystitis, urethritis) Diuretics What are some kidney diseases/disorders? BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II

16. Let’s practice some renal histology! BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II

17. Let’s practice some renal histology! BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II