1. PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER “ FUNDAMENTALS OF LOGIC…”

2. THE BINARY CONCEPT… PLC operates on the binary principle like all digital equipment. Term “binary principle”  refer to the idea that many things can be thought of as existing in one of two states. states can be defined as “high” or “low”, “on” or “off”, “yes” or “no”, and “1” or “0”. This two-state binary concept, applied to gates, can be the basis for making decisions.

3. THE BINARY CONCEPT… Gate  device that has one or more inputs with which it will perform a logical decision and produce a result at its one output. Logic  ability to make decisions when one or more different factors must be taken into account before an action is taken.

4. “AND” GATE… AND Light Switch High Beam Switch High Beam Light The automotive high beam light can only be turned on when the light switch AND high beam switch are on.

5. FUNCTION OF “AND” GATE… Binary 1 represents the presence of a signal or the occurrence of some event, while binary 0 represents the absence of the signal or nonoccurrence of the event.

6. ‘AND’ GATE APPLICATION…EXAMPLE 1 Basic Rules The device has two or more inputs and one output If any input is 0, the output will be 0 If all inputs are 1, the output will be 1

7. ‘AND’ GATE APPLICATION…EXAMPLE 2 The AND gate operates like a series circuit. The light will be “on” only when both switch A and switch B are closed.

8. “OR” GATE… Passenger Door Switch Driver Door Switch Dome Light The automotive dome light will be turned on when the passenger door switch OR the driver door switch is activated.

9. FUNCTION OF “OR” GATE… An OR gate can have any number of inputs but only one output. The OR gate output is 1 if one or more inputs are 1.

10. ‘OR’ GATE APPLICATION…EXAMPLE 1 If one or more inputs are 1, the output will be 1 Basic Rules If all inputs are 0, the output will be 0

11. ‘OR’ GATE APPLICATION…Example 2 The OR gate operates like a parallel circuit. The light will be “on” if switch A or switch B is closed.

12. FUNCTION OF ‘NOT’ GATE… The NOT function has only one input and one output. The NOT output is 1 if the input is 0. The NOT output is 0 if the input is 1. Since the output is always the reverse of the input it is called an inverter.

13. ‘NOT’ GATE APPLICATION – Example 1 The light will be “on” if the pushbutton is not pressed. Acts like a normally closed pushbutton in series with the output. The light will be “off” if the pushbutton is n pressed.

14. ‘NOT’ GATE APPLICATION – Example 2 If the power is “on” (1) and the pressure switch is not closed (0), the warning indicator will be “on” Low-pressure indicating circuit When the pressure rises to close the pressure switch, the warning indicator will be switched "off"

15. NAND FUNCTION Functions - like an AND gate with an inverter connected to its output. The only time the NAND gate output is 0 is when all inputs are binary 1.

16. NOR FUNCTION Functions - like an OR gate with an inverter connected to its output. The only time the NAND gate output is 1 is when all inputs are binary 0.

17. XOR (EXCLUSIVE-OR) FUNCTION The output of this gate is HIGH only when one input or the other is HIGH, but not both. Has two inputs and one output. Commonly used for comparison of two binary numbers.

18. GATE BOOLEAN EQUATIONS A B Y AND Y = A B Gate Boolean Equation OR A B Y Y = A + B NOT A Y Y = A

19. BOOLEAN EQUATION – Example 1 Each logic function can be expressed in terms of a Boolean expression

20. BOOLEAN EQUATION – Example 2 Any combination of control can be expressed in terms of a Boolean equation AB Y = AB + C A + B Y = (A + B) C

21. BOOLEAN EQUATION – Example 2 AB Y = AB + C A + B Y = (A + B) C

22. Producing A Boolean Expression From A Given Circuit – Example 1

23. Producing A Boolean Expression From A Given Circuit – Example 2 Final equation: Y= AB + AB

24. Hard Wired versus Programmed Logic The term hardwired logic refers to logic control functions that are determined by the way devices are interconnected. Hardwired logic can be implemented using relays and relay ladder schematics. Hardwired logic is fixed: it is changeable only by altering the way devices are connected.

25. Hard Wired versus Programmed Logic Example 4-1

26. Hard Wired versus Programmed Logic Example 4-2

27. Hard Wired versus Programmed Logic Example 4-3

28. Hard Wired versus Programmed Logic Example 4-4

29. Hard Wired versus Programmed Logic Example 4-5

30. Hard Wired versus Programmed Logic Example 4-6

31. Hard Wired versus Programmed Logic Example 4-7

32. Hard Wired versus Programmed Logic Example 4-8

33. Hard Wired versus Programmed Logic Example 4-9