1. MACROMOLECULES CHAPTER 2 SECTION 3

2. WHAT YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO DO… Distinguish among the structure and function of the four major organic macromolecules found in living things.

3. REACTION TYPES Hydrolysis – break down compounds by adding water Dehydration – two components brought together, produces water Endergonic – requires the input of energy Exergonic – releases energy

4. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY CONTRAST AN ORGANIC COMPOUND TO AN INORGANIC COMPOUND Organic compounds - compounds that contain bonds between carbons atoms Inorganic compounds – compounds that are NOT carbon based

5. CHEMISTRY OF CARBON Has 4 valence electrons to form covalent bonds Can bond with many elements (H, O, P, S, N, AND OTHER C ATOMS) Single, double, or triple bonds Forms rings Versatile - Ability to form large and complex structures.

6. WHAT DOES MACROMOLECULE MEAN? “giant” molecule Made from smaller molecules through a process called polymerization Monomer + monomer  polymer Also referred to as organic molecule and biomolecule

7. DESCRIBE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A POLYMER AND MONOMER. A polymer is a large molecule made up of smaller units, called monomers, which are linked together.

8. CARBOHYDRATES (C:H:O/1:2:1) What is the function of Carbohydrates? Used as main source for quick energy and Used for structural purposes

9. CARBOHYDRATES (C:H:O/1:2:1)-SIMPLE CARBS “SIMPLE SUGARS” Monosaccharide-simple sugar Single sugar molecule (6 C atoms) Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) – most common, used for photosynthesis and cellular respiration Galactose (milk) Fructose (fruit) Disaccharide ( mono + mono  di) Lactose (sugar in milk) sucrose

10. CARBOHYDRATES (C:H:O/1:2:1)-COMPLEX CARBS “STARCHES" Polysaccharides-starch/complex excess sugar; large macromolecule Animals Glycogen (animal starch)– released from liver when blood sugar (glucose) runs low Stored in muscles for to supply energy for muscle contraction

11. CARBOHYDRATES (C:H:O/1:2:1) Polysaccharides continued…. Plants Cellulose (plant starch) Gives plants strength and rigidity – major component of wood Chitin – polymer of glucose, makes up exoskeleton of arthropods

12. CARBOHYDRATES (C:H:O/1:2:1) How do we test for carbohydrates? Sugars Use Benedict’s Solution to test tube with substance, heat it up Blue  green, yellow, orange, or red Starches Iodine solution (Lugol’s solution – iodine and Potassium iodide in water) Yellow/brown –Blue/black

13. CARBOHYDRATES (C:H:O/1:2:1)

14. When Benedict’s solution is added to an unknown substance and then heated in a hot water bath, the solution turns an orange-brown color. This indicates the presence of which molecule? A. lipids B. proteins C. carbohydrates D. nucleic acids

15. When Benedict’s solution is added to an unknown substance and then heated in a hot water bath, the solution turns and orange-brown color. This indicates the presence of which molecule? A. lipids B. proteins C. carbohydrates D. nucleic acids

16. LIPIDS (C & H – SOME O) Components – glycerol and fatty acid Function of Lipids Waterproof coverings, membranes. Nonpolar – generally not soluble in water insulation Used to store energy for long-term use

17. LIPIDS (C & H – SOME O) main categories of lipids Fats and Oils – made of subunits of glycerol and fatty acids Waxes – mainly used for covering a protection Phospholipids – important structural component of the cell membrane Steroids- cholesterol and sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone) acts as a chemical messenger

18. LIPIDS (C & H – SOME O) Single C-C bonds Maximum number of H bonds Solid @ room temperature Saturated fatty acids

19. LIPIDS (C & H – SOME O) Unsaturated fatty acids One C=C double bond in each fatty acid Olive oil (liquid @ room temperature) Polyunsaturated fatty acids More than one C=C double bond in fatty acid chain Corn oil, sesame oil, canola oil, peanut oil

20. LIPIDS (C & H – SOME O) How do we test for Lipids? Sudan III stain Dissolves in lipids and stains them red Brown Bag Leaves translucent stain on bag

21. LIPIDS (C & H – SOME O)

22. EXIT SLIP What indicator test is used to identify the presence of carbohydrates? What indicator tests is used to identify the presence of lipids?

23. Which molecules store and transmit genetic information? A. lipids B. proteins C. nucleic acids D. carbohydrates

24. NUCLEIC ACIDS (HONCP) Nucleotides consist of three parts: A 5-C sugar A phosphate group A nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil for RNA) Individual nucleotides (monomer) can be joined by covalent bonds to form a polynucleotide, or nucleic acid

25. NUCLEIC ACIDS (HONCP) What is the function of Nucleic Acids? Store and transmit heredity (genetic) information Codes for amino acids

26. NUCLEIC ACIDS (HONCP) What are the two kinds of nucleic acid? DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid which contains the sugar deoxyribose (double stranded) Stores all instructions for organism to grow, reproduce and adapt RNA – ribonucleic acid which contains the sugar ribose (single stranded) Uses the information stored in DNA to make proteins

27. NUCLEIC ACIDS (HONCP)

28. Antibiotics are composed primarily of amino acids. In which class of biomolecules would antibiotics belong? A. nucleic acids B. carbohydrates C. proteins D. lipids

29. PROTEIN (HONC) Polymers made of amino acids, which are joined by peptide bonds…also called polypeptides What is the function of proteins? Control the rate of reactions and regulate cellular processes Form bones and muscles Transport substances into or out of cell Helps fight disease Hormones (insulin)

30. PROTEIN (HONC) The instructions for arranging amino acids into different proteins are stored in DNA. Each protein has a specific role.

31. PROTEIN (HONC) FOUR LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Primary - Sequence of amino acids in a protein chain Secondary - Amino acids within a chain can be folded or twisted into patterns (alpha helix or pleated sheet) Tertiary - If more than one chain, each chain has a specific 3-D arrangement (globular or fibrous) Quaternary – consist of two or more polypeptide chains or subunits that are held together by hydrogen bonds

32. HOW DO WE TEST FOR PROTEINS? Biuret Solution (NaOH; a strong base) Blue  purple

33. PROTEIN (HONC)

34. QUIZ YOURSELF USING DESK MARKERS!!!! A. CARBS B. LIPIDC. PROTEIN D. NUCLEIC ACIDS 1.Contains adenine and thymine 2.Lactose 3.Chains of amino acids 4.Long term energy storage 5.Cholesterol 6.Chains of fatty acids and glycerol 7.Plant cell walls

35. QUIZ YOURSELF A. CARBS B. LIPIDC. PROTEIN D. NUCLEIC ACIDS 1.Contains adenine and thymine (NUCLEIC ACIDS) 2.Lactose (CARBS) 3.Chains of amino acids (PROTEINS) 4.Long term energy storage (LIPIDS) 5.Cholesterol (LIPIDS) 6.Chains of fatty acids and glycerol (LIPIDS) 7.Plant cell walls (CARBS)

36. Explain the relationship between proteins and nucleic acids.

37. EXPLAIN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A PROTEINS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS. Proteins are polymers of amino acids that are assembled based on genetic information found in nucleic acids.

38. Compare how both nucleic acids and proteins are polymers. Be sure to describe the monomers that make up the polymers.

39. EXPLAIN HOW BOTH NUCLEIC ACIDS AND PROTEINS ARE POLYMERS. BE SURE TO DESCRIBE THE MONOMERS THAT MAKE UP THE POLYMERS. Both are made of smaller units that are bonded together. Proteins are polymers of amino acids; nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides.

40. WHAT ARE THE FOUR GROUPS OF MACROMOLECULES? Small group work Complete table of the 4 macromolecules. Include their components, functions, drawing and any additional information.

41. WHAT ARE THE FOUR GROUPS OF MACROMOLECULES? Large group work Complete concept map of organic compounds