1. Natural Occurrences By Phyllis Butler

2.  Light  Sound  Temperature  Density  Pressure  Salinity

3.  Water’s saltiness Average ocean is 33-37 0/00  Measured in 0/00 salt parts per thousand H2O  Composed of cations + and anions –  Source =  Halocline is Salinity change or barrier  More salt means water is more dense  Salinometer measures salinity  Desalination creates what?  How do organisms react to salinity changes?

5.  Formula is Mass/Volume  Vertical circulation is affected by density changes  H2O = 1.00 g/cm3 Sea water is= 1.028-1.037g/cm3  Most dense ocean water is in the Antarctic  Pycnocline means a noticeable change in density  How are organisms affected by density?

7.  Water has the highest heat capacity  Cold water is more dense than warm water  Ice and water vapor are less dense than liquid H2O  Measured by Bathythermograph and Reversing Thermometer.  Thermocline is noticeable change in temperature  100-1,000 m.  How does temperature affect organisms? 

9.  In the ocean, the Photic zone is 0-200 m  Darkness occurs after 1,000 m  Electromagnetic radiation produces light  Red creates long wave lengths that get absorbed  Blue/Green create short wave lengths that reflect  Oceanic plants can only survive in the first 200 m  How do organisms adapt to light in the ocean?

11.  Atmospheric pressure=14.7 lb/in squared  1 ATM pressure =10 m depth  Deep ocean =200-11,000 m deep  Pressure ranges from 20 ATM to 1,100 ATM  Is affected by Density, Salinity, & Pressure  Increase Salinity and Density increase Pressure  Decrease Temperature and increase Pressure.  How does Pressure affect organisms?

13.  Travels faster and farther in the ocean.  Increases with higher Salinity, Density, & Pressure  Travels at 1,500 m/sec in water and  334 m/sec in air  Measured by  Echo Sounding  Depth recorder How are organisms  Echolocationaffected by sound in ocean?  SonarWhat sounds are produced  Sofarby organisms in the ocean?