1. The Ottoman Empire Chapter 18:1a [Image source: http://www.harunyahya.com/books/social/union/islamic_union_02.php]

2. [Image source: http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/oren/INR4204Middleeast.html]

3. Suleiman I (ruled 1520-1566) aka “The Lawgiver” was both sultan and caliph multi-talented: -heroic leader -gifted commander -skillful administrator -patron of the arts [Image source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Turkey/Selected_biography/Archive]

4. Ottoman Government Grand Vizier “prime minister” head of the bureaucracy enforcing the sultan’s decrees Ulema religious advisors ruled on questions of Islamic law

5. [Image source: http://www.kismeta.com/diGrasse/TurkishMuscowCostume.htm] An elite corps of officers called janissaries were “recruited” from Christian families in the Balkans, converted to Islam, and trained in the military arts.

6. Ottoman society was divided into several classes,... [Image source: http://www.karagiozismuseum.gr/en/genisi/karagiozis_in_the_bazaar.htm]

7. ... the ruling class, relatives of the sultan,... [Image source: http://www.writerscafe.ca/book_blogs/writers/allan-gotlieb_the-washington-diaries.php]

8. ... high government officials,... [Image source: http://www.photographersdirect.com/buy ers/stockphoto.asp?imageid=1726022]

9. ... the nobility, who administered large agricultural estates,... [Image source: http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200802/the.indefatigable.mr.lane.htm]

10. ... and peasants, who were the largest class, working on those agricultural estates. [Image source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_picture_candidates/Peasant_Family_of_Ramallah_1900-1910.jpg]

11. Non-Muslims were permitted to practice their faith and manage the affairs of their local millet (community), but existed in a state as second- class subjects. [Image source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/rinkratz/3796583816/]

12. Decline of the Ottomans faced numerous enemies on their borders - tried to fight both the Persians and Western Europe simultaneously military conquest ceased - massive poverty and civil discontent confronted with independence movements - uprisings in the Balkans (Greeks, Serbs, Bulgarians, and Romanians) - ruthlessly crush Armenian and Arabian bids

13. An alliance of Western European forces, led by Spain, defeated the Ottoman navy at Lepanto in 1571. [Image source: http://www.revistanaval.com/armada/batallas/lepanto.htm]

14. Polish King Jan III Sobieski dealt a decisive blow to Turkish expansion when he defeated an Ottoman army outside the gates of Vienna in 1683. [Image source: http://patentpending.blogs.com/patent_pending_blog/2004/12/index.html]

15. [Image source: http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/oren/INR4204Middleeast.html]

16. In 1856, Sultan Abdul-Mejid I created a national “citizenship”, reduced the authority of religious leaders, and opened government service to all peoples. [Image source: http://royal-portraits.blogspot.com/2008_04_01_archive.html]

17. Non-Turkish ethnic groups (Armenians, Bulgarians, Macedonians, and Serbs) had little interest in reforms that were intended to save the empire. [Image source: http://members.fortunecity.com/fstav 1/1821/fort1821/struggle.html]

18. Reformers, known as the “Young Ottomans”, engineered replacing Abdul- Aziz with Abdul- Hamid II in 1861. [Image source: http://www.turkeyswar.com/prelude/sickmanofeurope.htm]

19. In 1877, Abdul- Hamid II decided to resist reform, fearing that a move towards liberalism would ultimately ruin the Ottoman empire. [Image source: http://www.cartoonstock.com/vintage/directory/a/abdul_hamid_ii.asp]

20. Abdul Hamid II dissolved the parliament, ended constitutional rule, drove many of the Young Ottomans into exile, and imposed absolute rule. [Image source: http://dancutlermedicalart.com/AlbertEinstein%27sZionism/02Einstein%27sZio nism1879-1899.htm]

21. [Image source: http://www.turkeyswar.com/prelude/sickmanofeurope.htm]