1. Carbon Macromolecules Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms. Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures. –straight chain –branched chain –ring

2. Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together. –Monomers are the individual subunits. –Polymers are made of many monomers.

3. Carbohydrates Function: To be broken down as a source of chemical energy; also a part of cell structure. Example: sugars, starches, cellulose *Simple sugars (glucose) = monosaccharides *Starches and cellulose = polysaccharides

4. http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/cm1504/Image70.gif http://chemistry2.csudh.edu/rpendarvis/1feb23.gif

5. Lipids Function: To be broken down as a source of chemical energy (most of the time stored); makes cell membranes Example: fats, oils, cholesterol *Lipids are nonpolar! Fatty acids – Chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms Saturated fats= single carbon bonds (usually from animals) Unsaturated fats= at least 1 carbon double bond (usually from plants)

6. http://twistedphysics.typepad.com/.a/6a00d8341c9c1053ef0133ecf8b451970b-pi

7. Proteins Functions: Many functions- including structure, movement/transport, chemical catalysts Examples: enzymes, collagen, keratin, meats, nuts, cilia, flagella Protein- Polymer made of monomers called amino acids. (put together by peptide bonds)

8. http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/ecb/ecb_images/04_02_polypeptide_backbone.jpg

9. Nucleic Acids Function: To store genetic information and build proteins. Examples: DNA and RNA Nucleic acids- Polymers that are made up of monomers called nucleotides.

10. http://wiki.chemeddl.org/images/c/c8/Chapter_20_page_27-2.jpg http://www.stanford.edu/group/pandegroup/fold ing/education/dna.gif