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PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides prepared by Leslie Hendon, University of Alabama, Birmingham HUMAN ANATOMY fifth edition MARIEB | MALLATT | WILHELM 11 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Body PART 2
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Superficial Muscles of the Body – Anterior View Figure 11.7a
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Superficial Muscles of the Body – Posterior View Figure 11.7b
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Head – Facial Expression Muscles of facial expression Lie in the face and scalp Thin and variable in shape Often insert in the skin – not on bones Innervated by cranial nerve VII – the facial nerve
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Head – Facial Expression Figure 11.8
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles Mastication and Tongue Movement Four main pairs of muscles involved in mastication Innervated by mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) Prime movers of jaw closure Masseter and temporalis Side-to-side movement Pterygoid muscles Compression of cheeks Buccinator muscles
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of Mastication and Tongue Movement Figure 11.9a, b
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles Mastication and Tongue Movement Extrinsic muscles of the tongue Move tongue Laterally Anteriorly Posteriorly All innervated by cranial nerve XII – the hypoglossal nerve
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of Mastication and Tongue Movement Figure 11.9c
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Anterior Neck and Throat – Swallowing The neck is divided into anterior and posterior triangles Anterior triangle Divided into suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles Participate in swallowing Pharyngeal constrictors Squeeze food into the esophagus
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Anterior Neck and Throat – Swallowing Figure 11.10a
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Anterior Neck and Throat – Swallowing Figure 11.10b
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.11a Muscles of the Neck and Vertebral Column Head movement Sternocleidomastoid Splenius capitis and splenius cervicis
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Neck and Vertebral Column Figure 11.11b
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Neck and Vertebral Column Trunk extension Deep muscles of the back Maintain normal curvatures of the spine Form a column from sacrum to the skull Erector spinae group Largest of the deep back muscles
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Neck and Vertebral Column Figure 11.11d
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Deep Muscles of the Thorax – Breathing Deep muscles provide movements for breathing External intercostal muscles Lift the ribcage Internal intercostal muscles Aid expiration during heavy breathing
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Deep Muscles of the Thorax – Breathing Diaphragm Most important muscle of respiration Flattens as it contracts Increases the volume of the thoracic cavity
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Deep Muscles of the Thorax – Breathing Figure 11.12a
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Deep Muscles of the Thorax – Breathing Figure 11.12b
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Abdominal Wall Lateral and anterior abdominal wall Formed from three flat muscle sheets External oblique Internal oblique Transversus abdominis Fourth muscle pair Rectus abdominis Inserts at the linea alba
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Abdominal Wall Figure 11.13a
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Abdominal Wall Figure 11.13b
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Pelvic Floor Pelvic floor (pelvic diaphragm) Sheet of two muscles Both support pelvic organs Levator ani Formed from iliococcygeus, puborectalis, and pubococcygeus Coccygeus
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Pelvic Floor Figure 11.14a
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Perineum Inferior to the muscles of the pelvic floor Urogenital diaphragm formed from Sphincter urethrae and the deep transverse perineus Figure 11.14b
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Perineum Muscles of the superficial perineal space Ischiocavernosus Bulbospongiosus Superficial transverse perineus
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Perineum Figure 11.14c
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Superficial Muscles of the Anterior Thorax Movements of the scapula Pectoralis major Pectoralis minor Serratus anterior Subclavius
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Superficial Muscles of the Anterior Thorax Figure 11.15a
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Superficial Muscles of the Posterior Thorax Movements of the scapula Trapezius Levator scapulae Rhomboid major Rhomboid minor
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Superficial Muscles of the Posterior Thorax PLAY Rotator cuff muscles: an overview (b) Figure 11.15b PLAY Rotator cuff muscles: an overview (a)
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.16a Muscles Crossing the Shoulder Joint Movements of the arm Deltoid Pectoralis major
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PLAY Movement at the glenohumeral joint: an overview Muscles Crossing the Shoulder Joint Movements of the arm Latissimus dorsi Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Teres major Coracobrachialis Subscapularis Figure 11.16b
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles Crossing the Elbow Joint Figure 11.16a
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles Crossing the Elbow Joint Posterior muscles – extensors of the forearm Triceps brachii Anconeus Anterior muscles – flexors of the forearm Biceps brachii – also supinates the forearm Brachialis Brachioradialis
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Forearm Movements of the wrist, hand, and fingers Tendons are anchored by Flexor and extensor retinacula Most forearm muscles arise from the distal humerus Movements at the wrist include Flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction Wrist and fingers are “operated” by muscles in the forearm
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Forearm Flexors Anterior flexor compartment Innervated by median and ulnar nerves Originate from a common tendon Medial epicondyle of the humerus
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Superficial Anterior Muscles of the Forearm Pronator teres Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexor digitorum superficialis Figure 11.17a
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Deep Anterior Muscles of the Forearm Flexor pollicis longus Flexor digitorum profundus Pronator quadratus
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Deep Anterior Muscles of the Forearm Figure 11.17b, c
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Forearm Extensors Posterior compartment of the forearm Innervated by the radial nerve Originate at a common tendon Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Superficial Posterior Muscles of the Forearm Brachioradialis – flexes forearm Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor digitorum Extensor carpi ulnaris Figure 11.18a
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.18b Deep Posterior Muscles of the Forearm Supinator Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis and longus Extensor indicus
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand Fine movement of the fingers All located in the palm Control precise movements Include muscles of Adduction, abduction, and opposition
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand Thenar muscles – ball of thumb Abductor pollicis brevis Flexor pollicis brevis Opponens pollicis Adductor pollicis Hypothenar muscles Abductor digiti minimi Flexor digiti minimi Opponens pollicis PLAY Muscles that act on the wrist and fingers: an overview
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand Figure 11.19a
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.19b Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand Midpalmar muscles Lumbricals Palmar interossei Dorsal interossei
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand Figure 11.19c
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints Thigh and leg movements Anterior muscles Flex the thigh and extend the leg at the knee Posterior muscles Extend the thigh and flex the leg
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints Thigh and leg movements Adductor muscles – on medial aspect of thigh Adduct the thigh only Deep fascia of the thigh Surrounds and encloses all three groups
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints Movements at the hip joint Muscles that flex the thigh Originate on vertebral column or pelvis Muscles that extend the thigh Arise posterior to the hip joint Adductors originate medial to the hip joint Abductors originate lateral to the hip joint
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anterior and Medial Muscles Origin on pelvis or vertebral column Iliacus Psoas major Sartorius Muscles of the medial compartment Adductor longus Adductor brevis Adductor magnus Pectineus Gracilis
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anterior and Medial Muscles Figure 11.20a
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Anterior Compartment of the Thigh Quadriceps femoris Has four separate heads Has a common insertion at the quadriceps tendon Powerful knee extensors Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Vastus intermedius Tensor fasciae latae
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Anterior Compartment of the Thigh Figure 11.20a
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PLAY Movement at the hip joint: an overview Posterior Muscles Origin on pelvis or sacrum Gluteus maximus Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus Lateral rotators Piriformis Obturator externus Obturator internus Superior and inferior gemellus Quadratus femoris
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Posterior Muscles Figure 11.21b
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.21a Muscles of the Posterior Compartment of the Thigh Hamstrings Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Leg Fascia lata of the leg surrounds muscles Tightly binds muscles Prevents swelling during exercise Aids venous return Divides leg into three compartments Tendons are held in place by Extensor, fibular, and flexor retinacula Muscle movement at ankle and intertarsal joints
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Anterior Compartment Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Fibularis (peroneus) tertius Extensor hallucis longus Figure 11.22a PLAY Muscles of the ankle and foot (b)
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.23a Muscles of the Lateral Compartment Fibularis (peroneus) longus Fibularis (peroneus) brevis Flexor hallucis longus Extensor hallucis longus Fibularis tertius PLAY Muscles of the ankle and foot (c)
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Lateral Compartment Figure 11.23b, c
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Posterior Compartment Superficial muscles Triceps surae Gastrocnemius Soleus Plantaris PLAY Muscles that act on the ankle and foot: an overview
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Posterior Compartment Figure 11.24a, b
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Posterior Compartment Deep muscles Popliteus Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus Tibialis posterior Figure 11.24c PLAY Muscles of the ankle and foot (d) PLAY Muscles of the ankle and foot (a)
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot Toe movement and foot support Help to flex, extend, abduct, and adduct the toes Support the arches of the foot Single muscle on dorsal aspect of the foot Many muscles on the plantar aspect
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot Muscle on the dorsum of the foot Extensor digitorum brevis Muscles on the sole of the foot First layer Flexor digitorum brevis Abductor hallucis Abductor digiti minimi Figure 11.25a
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.25b Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot Second layer Flexor accessorius Lumbricals
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot Third layer Flexor hallucis brevis Adductor hallucis Flexor digiti minimi brevis Fourth layer Plantar and dorsal interossei Figure 11.25c
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot Figure 11.25d, e
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Surface Anatomy Palpation – feeling internal structures through the skin “Living anatomy” – provides information about Palpation of arterial pulses Skeleton, muscles, and blood vessels Sounds of the heart and lungs Where to give injections
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Head Cranium – selected structures felt through the skin Superciliary arches External occipital protuberance Mastoid process Temporalis muscle – at temple region Frontalis muscle Feel wrinkling of the forehead when eyebrows are raised
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Surface Anatomy of Lateral Aspect of the Head Figure 11.26
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Head Face – selected structures felt through the skin Lacrimal fossa Root and bridge of the nose Auricle of the ear Zygomatic arch Masseter muscle Mandible Temporomandibular joint
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Neck Skeletal landmarks Spinous processes of cervical vertebrae C7 is particularly prominent (vertebra prominens) Hyoid bone – in the anterior, superior neck Laryngeal prominence – the “Adam’s Apple” Cricoid cartilage – inferior to the laryngeal prominence Jugular notch – depression in the superior part of the sternum
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Neck Figure 11.27
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Neck Sternocleidomastoid – most prominent neck muscle Sternal head Clavicular head Deep to the sternocleidomastoid Common carotid artery Internal jugular vein Trapezius – posterior aspect of the neck
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Triangles of the Neck The sternocleidomastoid muscles divide the neck Anterior triangle Posterior triangle Figure 11.28a
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Triangles of the Neck Figure 11.28b
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Trunk The trunk consists of the Thorax Abdomen Pelvis and perineum
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Thorax Sternum – portions felt through the skin Manubrium, xiphoid process, and sternal angle Midaxillary line – line from the center of the axilla onto the lateral thoracic wall Midclavicular line – vertical line from midpoint of the clavicle to the groin
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Thorax Pectoralis major Serratus anterior
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Anterior Thorax and Abdomen Figure 11.29
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Abdomen Structures felt through the skin Iliac crest Anterior superior iliac spine Inguinal ligament Runs medially from anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle Pubic crest
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inguinal Hernia Figure 11.30
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles and other Abdominal Surface Features Linea alba The “white line” extending from xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis Rectus abdominis Linea semilunaris – lateral margin of rectus abdominis
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Pelvis and Perineum Four bony structures define the perineum Pubic symphysis Two ischial tuberosities Coccyx
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Back Posterior median furrow – vertical groove along the midline Spinous processes of vertebrae Spine of the scapula Medial end is opposite T 3 Medial border of the scapula
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Back Inferior angle of the scapula Iliac crests Supracristal line – intersects L 4 Sacrum – superior to cleft in the buttocks Coccyx – posterior to the anus
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Surface Anatomy of the Back Figure 11.31a
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Back Trapezius Latissimus dorsi Erector spinae
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Surface Anatomy of the Back Figure 11.31b
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Upper Limb and Shoulder The Axilla Base of the axilla – where armpit hair grows Deep to the axilla – axillary lymph nodes and blood vessels Anterior axillary fold – pectoralis major Posterior axillary fold –latissimus dorsi and teres major
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Shoulder and Arm Figure 11.32a, b
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.33 The Shoulder Acromion – lateral end of the spine of the scapula Acromioclavicular joint Deltoid muscle Covers the greater tubercle of the humerus
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Arm The region between the shoulder and elbow Humerus Palpated through skin along its entire length Biceps brachii Medial bicipital groove The medial boundary of the biceps brachii Triceps brachii
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Arm Figure 11.34
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Elbow Lateral and medial epicondyles of the humerus Ulnar nerve – “funny bone” runs across medial epicondyle Olecranon process of the ulna Cubital fossa – (antecubital fossa) Forms anterior surface of forearm
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Anterior Surface of the Forearm and Fist Figure 11.35a
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Forearm Bones Ulna – palpate entire length Styloid process and head – distal end Radius – partly covered in muscle Head of the radius – proximal end Styloid process – distal end
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Forearm Flexor muscles – anterior forearm Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus This muscle is absent in about 30% of people Extensor muscles – posterior forearm
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Other Structures of the Forearm Anatomical snuff box bordered by Extensor pollicis brevis Extensor pollicis longus
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Hand Dorsum of hand Dorsal venous network Tendons of extensor digitorum Palmar surface Thenar eminence (not labeled on figure 11.35b) Hypothenar eminence (see figure 11.17a–c ) Pisiform bone
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Dorsum of the Hand Figure 11.36
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gluteal Region Iliac crests Posterior superior iliac spine Sacroiliac joint Prominences of the buttocks “Cheeks” of the buttocks Formed from subcutaneous fat and the gluteal muscles
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Gluteal Region Figure 11.37
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lower Limb and Gluteal Region Natal cleft (gluteal cleft) Vertical midline groove between “cheeks” Gluteal fold Horizontal fold below each “cheek” Ischial tuberosities Greater trochanter of the femur Located at the lateral hip
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lower Limb and Gluteal Region Figure 11.38a
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thigh Medial and lateral condyles of the femur Patella Three groups of muscles Quadriceps femoris – anterior thigh Vastus lateralis – injection site Adductors – medial thigh Hamstrings – posterior thigh
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thigh Figure 11.38b
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Thigh The Femoral Triangle Superior border – inguinal ligament Inferior borders Sartorius Adductor longus Popliteal fossa Diamond-shaped hollow on posterior knee Defined by borders of “hamstring” tendons and gastrocnemius
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Leg and Foot Palpate patella to find the patellar ligament Structures of the proximal leg Tibial tuberosity Lateral and medial condyles of the tibia Head of the fibula Structures of the distal leg Medial malleolus Lateral malleolus
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Leg and Foot Figure 11.40a, c
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscle Groups of the Leg Posterior calf muscles Gastrocnemius and soleus Calcaneal tendon – inferior end of the soleus and gastrocnemius Anterior compartment muscles Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum Fibularis
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscle Groups of the Leg Figure 11.41
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Foot Tendons on the dorsal surface of the foot Extensor digitorum longus tendon Extensor hallucis longus
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Foot Figure 11.40d
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