1. A short explanation and a comparisson by W.D. Schram MSc

2. Overview Introduction on Roman aqueducts Introduction about Persian qanats Comparison Differences Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

3. Aqueducts: basic elements Differences Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

4. Aqueducts: tunnels A masonry channel inside a tunnel (Cave de Curé, Gier aqueduct, Lyon, France) Differences Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

5. Aqueducts: bridges The world known aqueduct bridge Pont du Gard, part of the aqueduct (50 km) of Nimes (France). Also represented on the banknotes of 5 euro Differences Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

6. Aqueducts: arcade Two aqueduct channels (70 and 88 km long, mainly subterranean) on top of a series of arches (Rome, Italy) Differences Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

7. Aqueducts: the users Local fountain (Gerasa, Jordan) Baths (reconstruction) (Xanten, Germany) Differences Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

8. The Roman empire Differences Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

9. Roman aqueducts: some 1500 Differences Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

10. Qanats: basic elements Differences Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

11. Qanats: from the air Persepolis Differences Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

12. Qanats: channel and shafts Qanat shaft (near Yazd) Shaft tops Differences Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

13. Qanats: construction Muqanni Clay rings for reinforcements Differences Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

14. Qanats: distribution 1 Differences Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

15. Qanats: distribution 2 Tehran (ca 1960 CE) Isfahan (1942 CE) Differences Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

16. Qanats: distribution 3 Tafilalt (Maroc) Qanats in Syria Differences Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

17. Qanats: in Europe 1 Madrid (Spain) = Madjira = place of qanats Near Selb and Asch (Germany) Differences Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

18. Qanats: in Europe 2 The qanat of Walferdange (Luxemburg) with stepped channel and access shafts Differences Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

19. Qanats: distribution worldwide Differences Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

20. Qanats: the users Place to scoop water Water distribution Differences Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

21. Storage Water storage site Entrance Differences Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

22. Qanats: works of art Qanat bridge (Kharanaq, Yazd) Ice house (Yazd) Differences Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

23. Comparison 1: Physical Geography ElementPersian qanatRoman aqueduct 1a.Character of the terrainAlluvial fans in mountainous areas From mountainous to almost flat area’s 1b.ClimateMainly in arid regionsSemi-arid and wet area’s 1c.SourceMother well(s) in an aquiferSpring, river, lake; by exception well or aquifer 1d.Type of sourceDelayed deliveryMainly instant delivery 1e.Place in the landscape100% subterraneanSome 20% above ground Differences Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

24. Comparison 2: Technology ElementPersian qanatRoman aqueduct 2a.ConstructionSubterranean channel with shaftsMasonry channel or pipe, sometimes with manholes 2b.BuildersPaid specialists / specialistsSlave specialists, contractors, sometimes military personnel 2c.CourseAlmost straight lineSinuous, following the countour lines 2d.Works of artBy exception (bridges, subterrenean dams and mills) Bridges, tunnels, arcades, siphons 2e.DistributionSluice gates, timesharing systemsCastellae divisoria 2f.StorageOnly local, with modelst volumesNo, behind some large bath houses 2g.Surplus waterReused in other qanats at lower levelFlushing sewers and public toilets, fullers Differences Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

25. Comparison 3: Societal ElementPersian qanatRoman aqueduct 3a.UsersIrrigation and public use. By exception in private housing for cooling Public use and bathhouses. By exception for industry, private individuals and farmers 3b.OwnershipIn cooperation (10 – 250). Sometimes rich individuals Public bodies, town councils 3c.FinanceMembers of the cooperationLocan maecenas, emporer, town council 3d.Status within society The only water source, essential for life, utilitarian Additional to existing sources, luxery, showcase of pride and power 3e.Present statusMany still in useAlmost all out of use, some reconstructed Differences Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

26. Conclusions Although there are similarities, qanats are quite different from roman aqueducts Most striking: The difference in the sources The almost straight line of a qanat Qanat(s) are often the only source of water Almost all Roman aqueducts are out of use Differences Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

27. Problems ?! Tehran (2009 CE) Nonius Datus (150 CE) (Saldae, Algeria) Differences Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts