1. Biochemistry Chapter 2 Sections 3 & 4

2. Carbon  Why is carbon so special?  Atomic # 6  4 valence electrons  Electrons in outermost shell that are available for bonds  Can make up to 4 covalent bonds  When electrons are shared  Building block for the biomolecules of life!

3. 4 Macromolecules  P eople  L ove  C hicken  N uggets  P roteins  L ipids  C arbohydrates  N ucleic Acids

4. Macromolecules  Every macromolecule has  Monomer  Single unit of a whole  Polymer  Many units or monomers bonded together

5. DELICIOUS CARBOHYDRATES

6. Carbohydrates  Made of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen  Unique 1:2:1 pattern  Used for energy mostly and sometimes for structure in plants  Monomer: monosaccharide  2 monomers: disaccharide  Polymer: polysaccharide

7. Units of Carbs  There are 3 monosaccharides  Glucose – our energy source  Fructose - sweetener  Galactose – not as common  There are 3 polysaccharides  Glycogen – how we store carbs  Starch – how plants store carbs  Cellulose – structure in plants

8. Links  https://www.wisc- online.com/learn/general- education/anatomy-and- physiology1/ap13104/biomolecules-the- carbohydrates https://www.wisc- online.com/learn/general- education/anatomy-and- physiology1/ap13104/biomolecules-the- carbohydrates  http://www.tv411.org/science/tv411- whats-cooking/carbohydrates-science- lesson/activity/1/1 http://www.tv411.org/science/tv411- whats-cooking/carbohydrates-science- lesson/activity/1/1

9. LIPIDS (FATS & OILS)

10. Lipids  Made of carbon & hydrogen  Does not dissolve in water  Four types of lipids  Triglycerides  Phospholipids  Waxes  Steroids

12. Triglycerides - FATS  Saturated Fat  Have no double bonds in their fatty acid chains – maximum # of H atoms  Straight chain  Usually animal fats  Solid at room temperature

13. Triglycerides

14. Triglycerides – OILS  Unsaturated Fat  Have at least one double bond in their fatty acid chain  Forms a kink in the chain  Usually oils and from plants  Liquid at room temperature

15. Phospholipid

16.  Two fatty acid chains  Found in all cells  Makes up the cell membrane  2 layers of phospholipids  lipid bilayer

17. Phospholipid Bilayer

18. Wax  One fatty acid chain to a glycerol  Makes cells waterproof  Create protective layer in animals and plants

19. Steroids  No fatty acid chain  Four carbon rings linked together  Usually our hormones  Ex: Cholesterol is found in our cell membranes

20. Links  http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/obesi ty/obesity_molecular/01.html http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/obesi ty/obesity_molecular/01.html  http://www.wisc- online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID= AP13204 http://www.wisc- online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID= AP13204

21. NUCLEIC ACID

22. Nucleic Acids  Contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

23. Nucleic Acids  Monomer = nucleotide  5 carbon sugar  Phosphorous group  Nitrogenous base

24. Properties  Store genetic information  Two kinds of nucleic acids  DNA  RNA

25. PROTEIN

26. Protein  Macromolecules with carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen  Monomer: amino acid  2 monomers: dipeptide  Polymer: polypeptide

27. Amino Acids  Each amino acid has three main groups  Amino group  Carboxyl group  R group (changes)  Change the shape and properties of the amino acid

28. Amino Acid

29. Glycine

30. R group  The R group makes each amino acid different  There are 20 possible amino acids based off this one group  The R group is = variable

32. Proteins  Covalent bond in proteins is called a peptide bond  Links amino acids together  For every peptide bond, one molecule of water is formed

33. Links  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=va0D NJId_CM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=va0D NJId_CM  https://www.wisc- online.com/learn/general- education/anatomy-and- physiology1/ap13304/biomolecules---the- proteins https://www.wisc- online.com/learn/general- education/anatomy-and- physiology1/ap13304/biomolecules---the- proteins

34. Chemical Reaction  A process the changes one set of chemicals into another  Reactants  Elements or compounds that enter or start a chemical reaction  Products  Elements or compounds that leave or end a chemical reaction ReactantsProducts

35. Energy Sources  Organisms need to carry our reactions that require energy  Plants make their energy from the sun, animals get their energy from foods eaten  Activation energy  The energy needed to start a reaction

36. Enzymes  Enzyme is a type of protein that is a catalyst  Catalysts start a reaction  Without enzymes, reactions would take happen too slow to sustain life’s functions  Three functions  Start a reaction  Speed up a reaction  Lower activation energy

37. Enzymes  Each enzyme has an area known as the active site  Where a specific molecule binds and a reaction occurs  The molecule binding is called a substrate  Similar to a lock and key

38. Enzyme conditions  Enzymes work at a specific conditions  Temperature  pH  If not in desired conditions, this causes enzyme to change shape and lose its function  Called denaturation

39.  http://www.sumanasinc.com/webconten t/animations/content/proteinstructure.ht ml http://www.sumanasinc.com/webconten t/animations/content/proteinstructure.ht ml

40. Fold it!  Help scientists figure out protein folding  This game is open to the public  The first hundred puzzles are known proteins  But many proteins are not decoded and scientists are asking for our help to figure them out  http://fold.it/ http://fold.it/