1. Policy against political violence and terrorism in Europe Miroslav Mareš Summer School „International Security in the Modern World“ Masaryk university, Brno 2012 Foto:M. Mareš ©

2. Two main concpets of countering radicalism in contemporary Europe Countering radicalism as a potential base of terrorism („countering radicalization“) Countering extremism (former also radicalism)

3. Forms of protection of democracy Tolerant democracy; Partial militant democracy (antifascist, anticommunist etc.); Militant democracy

4. Conceptual construction of defence of democracy (Capoccia 2005: 49) Time range of the objective  Nature of measures  Short TermLong term Repressive Militancy Purge AccomondativeIncorporationEducation

5. Clusters of Anti-Extremist Legislation (Capoccia 2006: 58) State of siege, emergency; Party ban; Antipropaganda; Anti-extremist forms of behavior.

6. Party closures (Brems 141-148). 1. Refusal of registration; 2. Temporary ban of party activities; 3. Disqualification of list submitted by elections; 4. The conviction of party for dissemination of certain proposals from its party programme; 5. Exclusion of political party from state subventions; 6. The criminal conviction of individual party members for acts of speech related to party programme; 7. The criminal conviction of individual party members for their membership in the party; 8. Annuling the election result after the victory of an undesirable party. 9. Prohibition of political party.

7. Hate crimes (ODIHR OSCE 2009: 15) Hate crimes are criminal acts motivated by bias or prejudice towards particular groups of people; A hate crime therefore comprises two distinct elements: It is an act that constitutes an offence under criminal law and In committing the crime, the perpetrator acts on the basis on prejudice or bias.

8. Hate speech as crime Hate propaganda against groups of people; Support of totalitarian regimes and movements; Holocaust denial and denial of various crimes against humanity.

9. Countering Extremism and Terrorism in the EU Couter Extremism/ terrorism policy in EU Europol Joint Situation Centre – SITCEN Counter Terrorism Group Police Working Group on Terrorism PWGT Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA) Main institutions of the EU Eurojust

10. Main pillars of the vounter-terrorism strategy of the EU

11. The European Union Strategy for Combating Radicalisation and Recruitment to Terrorism To counter radicalisation and terrorist recruitment, the EU resolves to: disrupt the activities of the networks and individuals who draw people into terrorism; ensure that voices of mainstream opinion prevail over those of extremism; promote yet more vigorously security, justice, democracy and opportunity for all.

12. Literature Backes, U., Jesse, E. (2005): Vergleichende Extremismusforschung. Baden Baden: Nomos. Brems, Eva (2006): Freedom of Political Association and the Question of Party Closures. In Sadurski, Wojciech (ed.): Political Rights inder Stress in 21st century Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 120-195. Capoccia, G. (2005): Defending Democracy. Reactions to Extremism in Interwar Europe. Baltimore, London: John Hopkins Press. European Union (2005): The European Union Counter-Terrorism Strategy. http://register.consilium.eu.int/pdf/en/05/st14/st14469-re04.en05.pdf http://register.consilium.eu.int/pdf/en/05/st14/st14469-re04.en05.pdf European Union (2005): The European Union Strategy for Combating Radicalisation and Recruitment to Terrorism. http://register.consilium.europa.eu/pdf/en/05/st14/st14781-re01.en05.pdf Herczeg, Jiří (2008): Trestné činy z nenávisti, Praha: ASPI/Wolters Kluwer Mareš, Miroslav (2003): Pravicový extremismus a radikalismus v ČR, Brno: Barrister & Principal/Centrum strategických studií. Mareš, Miroslav (2011): Demokratieschutz in Europa. Presentation. Bedrohungen und Schutz der Demokratie in Europa. Workshop des Hannah-Arendt-Instituts für Totalitarismusforschung e.V. an der Technischen Universität Dresde, 13. Juli 2011. ODIHR OSCE (2009): Preventing and responding to hate crimes. A resource guide for NGOs in the OSCE region. Warsaw: OSCE ODIHR.