1. THE LIFE CYCLE OF ANGIOSPERMS Packet #75 Chapter #38 Tuesday, December 08, 2015 1

2. INTRODUCTION Angiosperms are the predominant plant species on the planet. Unlike gymnosperms, these plants produce seeds that have a covering. Tuesday, December 08, 2015 2

3. LIFE CYCLE OF ANGIOSPERM Tuesday, December 08, 2015 3 In the angiosperm, the sporophyte generation is dominant Gametophytes are extremely reduced in size and nutritionally dependent on the sporophyte generation Flowering plants are hetereosporous Figure 38.2 (More Detail) Page 772

4. FIGURE 38.4 THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANGIOSPERM GAMEOPHYTES Tuesday, December 08, 2015 4

5. FIGURE 38.4 DEVELOPMENT OF POLLEN GRAINS Tuesday, December 08, 2015 5 3 A pollen grain becomes a mature male gametophyte when its generative nucleus divides and forms two sperm. This usually occurs after a pollen grain lands on the stigma of a carpel and the pollen tube begins to grow. (See Figure 38.2b.) Development of a male gametophyte (pollen grain) (a) 2 Each microsporo- cyte divides by meiosis to produce four haploid microspores, each of which develops into a pollen grain. Pollen sac (microsporangium) Micro- sporocyte Micro- spores (4) Each of 4 microspores Generative cell (will form 2 sperm) Male Gametophyte (pollen grain) Nucleus of tube cell Each one of the microsporangia contains diploid microsporocytes (microspore mother cells). 1 75  m 20  m Ragweed pollen grain Figure 38.4a MEIOSIS MITOSIS KEY to labels Haploid ( 2n ) Diploid ( 2n )

6. Key to labels MITOSIS MEIOSIS Ovule Integuments Embryo sac Mega- sporangium Mega- sporocyte Integuments Micropyle Surviving megaspore Antipodel Cells (3) Polar Nuclei (2) Egg (1) Synergids (2) Development of a female gametophyte (embryo sac) (b) Within the ovule’s megasporangium is a large diploid cell called the megasporocyte (megaspore mother cell). 1 Three mitotic divisions of the megaspore form the embryo sac, a multicellular female gametophyte. The ovule now consists of the embryo sac along with the surrounding integuments (protective tissue). 3 Female gametophyte (embryo sac) Diploid ( 2n ) Haploid ( 2n ) Figure 38.4b 100  m The megasporocyte divides by meiosis and gives rise to four haploid cells, but in most species only one of these survives as the megaspore. 2 FIGURE 38.4 DEVELOPMENT OF EMBRYO SACS Tuesday, December 08, 2015 6

7. LIFE CYCLE OF ANGIOSPERM Tuesday, December 08, 2015 7 Each microspore develop into a pollen grain. Immature male gametophytes are contained within pollen grains. Each pollen grain has two haploid (n) cells. One of each four megaspores produced during meiosis develops into an embryo sac (female gametophyte). Embryo sac contains seven cells with eight nuclei The egg cell and the central cell, which contains two polar nuclei, participate in fertilization.

8. LIFE CYCLE OF ANGIOSPERM Tuesday, December 08, 2015 8 Pollen released from the anther Pollen is carried to the sticky stigma Flowers can self- pollinate or cross- pollinate. Transfer of pollen from flowers of one plant to flowers of another plant is called cross-pollination

9. LIFE CYCLE OF ANGIOSPERM Tuesday, December 08, 2015 9 Pollen grain germinates after it sticks to the stigma. Pollen grain now contains the mature male gametophyte and extends a tube down through the style. After it reaches the ovary, the pollen tube penetrates the microphyle and discharges two sperm cells into the female gametophyte (embryo sac) Results in double fertilization

10. POLLEN TUBE Tuesday, December 08, 2015 10

11. LIFE CYCLE OF ANGIOSPERM Tuesday, December 08, 2015 11 Double Fertilization Results in the formation of a diploid zygote and triploid endosperm One sperm nucleus fuses with the egg to form a diploid zygote. The other sperm nucleus fuses with the two nuclei if the female gametophyte Cell is now triploid (3n). Characteristic of flowering plants.

12. FIGURE 38.6 DOUBLE FERTILIZATION Tuesday, December 08, 2015 12 Double fertilization ensures the endosperm will develop only in ovules where the egg has been fertilized Prevents the angiosperms from wasting resources

13. LIFE CYCLE OF ANGIOSPERM Tuesday, December 08, 2015 13 After double fertilization, the ovule matures into a seed. The zygote develops into the sporophyte embryo with a rudimentary root and either one or two seed leaves (cotyledons— monocots vs. dicots)

14. LIFE CYCLE OF ANGIOSPERM Tuesday, December 08, 2015 14 Seed consists of the embryo, endosperm, sporangium and a seed coat. An ovary develops into a fruit as its ovules develop into seeds. Dispersal occurs via wind or animals Seed germinates if the environmental conditions are favorable. Seed coat ruptures, the embryo emerges as a seedling and uses the stored food in the endosperm and cotyledons to begin growth.

15. MECHANISMS TO PREVENT SELF-POLLINATION (SELFING!) Chapter 38 Tuesday, December 08, 2015 15

16. INTRODUCTION I Tuesday, December 08, 2015 16 Some flowers self- fertilize but most angiosperms have mechanism that prevent “selfing.” Dioecious plants Unisexual Ackee {Barbados}— Ginnup {Jamacia} Bisexual flowers Stamens and carpels mature at different times Stamens and carpels are arranged in a way that makes self-pollination unlikely

17. INTRODUCTION II BIOCHEMICAL BLOCKING AKA Self-incompatibility Most common method that plants use to prevent “selfing” Some plants recognize their own pollen and that of closely related individuals Hmmm! Biochemical block prevents pollen from completing its development and fertilizing the egg Tuesday, December 08, 2015 17

18. REVIEW Imagine that…plants which are more simplistic organisms appear to have more complex reproductive cycles. Tuesday, December 08, 2015 18

19. REVIEW Students List potential examination questions and/or here, and on following slides, based on the packet. Tuesday, December 08, 2015 19