1. The Prophet Muhammad
Slide Lecture

2. 1.2A Arabia Before Muhammad

3. 1.2A (cont’d) A. Makkah B. Arabs Important Trade stop
Religious center (Kaaba)
Fresh water
Diverse population
Arab (abhar= to move or pass)
Bedouins first inhabitants
Origins uncertain
Valued camels and swords
No strong central gov.
polytheistic

4. 1.2A (cont’d) C. Quaraysh Powerful local tribe
Deposit idols in Kaaba and promised protection for a fee

5. 1.2 B Muhammad’s Call to Prophethood

6. 1.2B Muhammad’s Early Life The Divine Revelations
Born into Hashim family or Quraysh tribe
Muhammad means highly praised
Dad dies before he was born; mom when he was six
Raised by uncle
Worked for Khadija, a wealthy widow
Married her; had 7 children- 1 survived
First revelation on retreat to Mt. Hira
Neighbor convinced him he was a prophet
Revelation that sinners must submit to mercy of God (islam)
First converts: wife, cousin, slave, and friend- Abu Bakr
Not depicted in artwork

7. 1.2 C Muhammad Spreads the Word of Allah

8. 1.2 C A. Muhammad’s Teachings B. Angry Makkans
M. wanted to abolosh idols- Makkans did not want to
Critical of wealthy merchants
Major Points
1. only one god
2. all believers equal
3. rich should share with poor
4. live righteously
5. all subjected to judgment day
Miracles
Passed through seven levels of Heaven
Brought spring to Makkah
C. Protection for the Prophet
Able to remain in Makkah because of his powerful and respected family

9. 1.2 D The Emigration to Madinah

10. 1.2D The Hijrah Conflict in Madinah
Muhammad decided to leave after death of wife
Traveled to Yatrib
Journey marks the beginning of Islam calendar
Muhammad hoped Islam could win converts
Jewish leaders did not accept him as a prophet
Jews who opposed Muhammad expelled from city
First Muhammad instructed prayer toward Jerusalem then changed to the Kaaba
Muhammad’s Welcome
Accepted by Yatrib Jews and Arabs
Both hoped he could prevent civil war
Renamed city to Madinah (City of the Prophet)
Believers call themselves Muslim (those who submit to god’s will)

11. 1.2 E The Return to Makkah

12. More battles fought in years following
Outcomes
More battles fought in years following
Makkans sieged Madinah in 627– Battle of Trench
630- Muhammad captured Makkah
Idols in the Kaaba were destroyed
632- Muhammad led the Hajj
63 in Mecca, no successor
Told followers to spread message.
The Quraysh
Became more hostile towards Muslims
Muhammad and his followers
Muhammad’s army, though outnumbered won the Battle of Badr

13. 1st 3 Caliphs: “Khalifa” = “Successor”
1. Abu Bakr:
Close friend and father in law of Muhammad
2 problems\
Tribes began leaving after M. died.
Others wanted Ali, Muhammad’s son-in-law/cousin
Expanded Muslim community into Persia and Byzantium (Modern day Iraq and Syria).

14. 1st 3 Caliphs, Part 2
Umar
Defined Dar al Islam (A) and Dar al Harb (B)
Successfully expanded empire into Egypt, Jerusalem, eastern Mediterranean
Organized empire with governors (emirs) and a tax system
Assassinated by a non-Muslim slave.

16. 1st 3 Caliphs, Part 3 Uthman 644-656 Muhammad’s son-in-law
From powerful Umayyad family in Syria
Accused of nepotism (giving jobs to relatives)
Too much poverty while rulers super rich
Murdered by Egyptian rebels during a protest

17. Ali’s Caliphate and the division between Sunnis and Shi’as
Also a son-in-law and a cousin of Muhammad
Heavily opposed, even by Muhammad’s wife
Clan (Hashim) rivals of Uthman’s clan, wanted his death avenged, Ali couldn’t act fast enough
Moved capital
Lots of rebellion
Asked to resign, then rival claimed caliphate, then assassinated by another group

18. Ali’s Cliphate and Division Between the Sunnis and Shi’as
Umayyad Clan: leader, Mu’awiya, also Syrian governor
Claimed Caliphate from Ali
Became SUNNI
Hashim Clan: Ali a member
Muhammad’s cousin, memo’d Qur’an
Became caliph, but murdered
Became SHIA
Civil War Between Muslims
Mu’awiya and Ali’s armies fought at Siffin
Both asked to resign
Neither do, Kharijites attempt to kill both
Only kill Ali
Conflict over caliphs creates a permanent split

19. A Pivotal Point in Muslim History
Sunni: “custom or practice”
Shi’a: “shia’t Ali” = Party of Ali
Any devout Muslim could be caliph
Accepted rule of 1st 3 caliphs
Accepted Umayyad rule
Believe in idea of “consolidated majority”
Make up 80% of current world population
Only relative of Muhammad can be caliph
Ali should have been 1st caliph
Ali’s son, Hussein, should have been next caliph, never Umayyads.
Only imams (leaders) can interpret Qur’an
Make up 15% of current world population