1. NEXT Buying war bonds was one way Americans at home helped to fight World War II. America and Georgia in World War II 1938–1945 World War II erupts, and America is drawn into the conflict. Georgia and the rest of the nation mobilize to fight and win the war.

2. NEXT America and Georgia in World War II 1938–1945 SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3 The War Begins Fighting the War Georgia’s Contribution to the War SECTION 4 The Impact of the War at Home

3. NEXT Section 1 The War Begins In 1941, the United States is drawn into another world war.

4. NEXT The Rise of Dictators The War Begins Italy Benito Mussolini Italy’s prime minister by 1922, starts fascism Fascism—political movement in which government controls society -fascism’s extreme nationalism leads to racism -fascism oppresses critics, emphasizes supreme ruler, military might Italy invades Libya, attacks Ethiopia in 1935 SECTION 1 Continued...

5. NEXT SECTION 1 Germany Adolf Hitler, another fascist leader, rises to power in 1933 Nazi Party is Hitler’s political organization Hitler promises to strengthen Germany’s economy and military -heavy war damage payments from World War I weaken Germany Hitler stops all payments, builds military Hitler invades Rhineland in 1935; France and allies do nothing continued The Rise of Dictators Continued...

6. NEXT SECTION 1 Japan Japan occupies Manchuria in 1931, U.S. condemns action Japan, Germany, Italy ally in 1940 U.S. blocks steel to Japan, freezes assets of Japanese companies Hideki Tojo, Japan’s prime minister, wants U.S. out of Pacific continued The Rise of Dictators Opposing Forces Germany, Italy, Japan called Axis Powers Great Britain, France oppose them; form Allied Powers

7. NEXT SECTION 1 Germany Invades Poland Allies unwilling to use force to stop Hitler from taking more land -try diplomacy instead; ask Hitler to stop taking territory Hitler breaks promises, invades Poland, September 1939 War Begins in Europe Continued... Map The Allies Join the War Britain, France declare war on Germany, hope Soviet Union will help Soviet leader Josef Stalin, Hitler split Poland in secretdeal Germany invades more countries, conquers France in June, 1940

8. NEXT SECTION 1 The Battle of Britain After France, Hitler launches Battle of Britain German air force tries to defeat Great Britain by heavy bombing Britain withstands bombing, but supplies scarce; needs help continued War Begins in Europe Germany Invades the Soviet Union Hitler launches surprise invasion of Soviet Union, June 1941 Soviets defend Moscow, Leningrad in long, bloody campaigns Soviets switch to Allied side, lose 1 million people by 1944

9. NEXT SECTION 1 Isolationism Many believe U.S. involvement in World War I was mistake Most Americans favor isolationism—staying out of Europe’s affairs Franklin D. Roosevelt, Congress pass Neutrality Acts from 1935–1937 -designed to prevent involvement, forbids lending to warring nations The United States Reacts Continued...

10. NEXT SECTION 1 Lend-Lease Act Americans eventually realize Hitler’s threat; cannot remain neutral Lend-Lease Act of 1941 lets Roosevelt lend allies military supplies By war’s end, Lend-Lease program supplies $50 billion in material German U-boats sink American supply ships crossing Atlantic Roosevelt gives “shoot on sight” order; U.S. unofficially at war continued The United States Reacts Continued...

11. NEXT SECTION 1 Attack on Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941, Japan attacks naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii U.S. Pacific Fleet stationed there; 2,300 killed, 19 ships destroyed continued The United States Reacts Image A Declaration of War Congress declares war on Japan one day after Pearl Harbor Only one vote against war, by Jeannette Rankin of Montana Americans eager to respond to attack and to fight Germany

12. NEXT The United States mobilizes its military and successfully defeats its enemies on two fronts. Section 2 Fighting the War

13. NEXT The United States Prepares for War Fighting the War Deciding Where to Fight U.S. military small in early 1942; unprepared to fight a world war Roosevelt asks businesses to produce military equipment U.S. must decide where to enter war; Navy needs months to rebuild If Great Britain surrenders, U.S. will have trouble entering Europe U.S. leaders decide to enter Europe first, wait to fight in Pacific SECTION 2

14. NEXT The European Theater North Africa and Italy U.S. doesn’t want to risk early invasion of Europe American troops land in North Africa, 1942, fight Italians, Germans Allies drive Axis from Africa; attack Italy, 1943; Italy surrenders Allies use Italy as base to bomb Germany, prepare major invasion SECTION 2 Continued...

15. NEXT D-Day Largest armada in history approaches France on D-Day, June 6, 1944 Over 600 ships, 175,000 soldiers land on northwest coast of France -meet great resistance, many killed Allies move through France, free Paris, in Germany by February 1945 Allies push toward Berlin; Soviets enter Berlin first SECTION 2 continued The European Theater Continued...

16. NEXT D-Day Roosevelt dies April 12, 1945, Harry Truman becomes president -by then Allies are close to Hitler, but he kills himself on April 30 Germany surrenders on May 8, 1945, V-E Day (Victory in Europe) Truman turns attention to war in Pacific SECTION 2 continued The European Theater

17. NEXT Liberating the Concentration Camps The Holocaust Hitler wants to “purify” German race, remove Jews from Europe -also wants to eliminate homosexuals, gypsies, many with disabilities “Final Solution”—imprison them in concentration camps and kill them Allies liberate concentration camps, over 6 million Jews killed in camps Estimated 11 million perish in camps over 6 years -atrocity known as the Holocaust SECTION 2

18. NEXT The Pacific Theater “Island Hopping" Pacific strategy: take islands gradually, “island hopping” to Japan U.S. hops toward Philippines, Japan from May 1942 to June 1945 -also bombs cities, factories, facilities in Japan U.S. invasion of Japan would take hundreds of thousands of men -Allied leaders wonder if invasion would succeed U.S. considers using new bomb, Truman warns Japan to surrender SECTION 2 Continued... Map

19. NEXT The Atomic Bomb Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, Japan, August 6, 1945 Truman demands immediate surrender, warns of second bomb attack Japan refuses, second bomb falls on Nagasaki three days later Bombs kill over 110,000 immediately, radiation kills 100,000 later Second bomb ends war almost immediately SECTION 2 continued The Pacific Theater

20. NEXT The War Ends The War’s Impact Japan stops fighting August 14, 1945, V-J Day (victory in Japan) -official surrender on September 2 More death, destruction in World War II than in any other war 20 million soldiers killed, millions of civilians also dead Orphans, refugees, concentration camp survivors must rebuild lives SECTION 2

21. Section 3 Georgia’s Contribution to the War Georgia plays a critical role in preparing the United States military for war. NEXT

22. The Nation and Georgia Mobilize Georgia’s Contribution to the War National Mobilization Selective Training and Service Act passes in 1940 -calls 10 million Americans to serve, 5 million more volunteer Over 300,000 Georgia men and women serve; nearly 7,000 die Women play important role in military; serve in support positions SECTION 3 Airplanes Bell Aircraft’s Marietta factory builds B-29 Superfortress bombers -employs 28,000 at peak production; over 6,000 women work there Continued...

23. NEXT Shipbuilding German U-boats sink many U.S. cargo ships at start of war Savannah, Brunswick shipyards build 447-foot- long Liberty Ships -Liberty Ships carry soldiers, supplies; named for famous Georgians Many Georgia men and women leave farms to work in shipyards continued The Nation and Georgia Mobilize SECTION 3 Agriculture U.S. encourages Georgians to grow crops other than cotton Food crops in demand; peanuts also important, used for oil Image

24. NEXT Training Allied Troops in Georgia SECTION 3 Camp Stewart Georgia and Texas have most military training facilities in U.S. Camp Stewart, near Savannah, trains antiaircraft squads Continued... Camp Gordon and Fort Benning Camp Gordon trains infantry and tank units -holds German, Italian prisoners of war (POWs) Fort Benning becomes home to several groups during World War II -First Infantry, Airborne Training, Army’s Officer Candidate School

25. NEXT Warner Robins Air Force Base Warner Robins Air Force Base opens in 1942, trains air support French, British troops also come to Georgia for training Many bases also serve as POW camps—14 camps in Georgia -prisoners receive good treatment, but required to work continued Training Allied Troops in Georgia SECTION 3 College Campuses College campuses become training facilities Soldiers learn nursing, handling supplies, planning, flight training Continued...

26. NEXT Colleges Used as Training Facilities Military pays colleges to use facilities during war Georgia Tech houses Marines, offers training University of Georgia students sign up for cadet training -1943 football season canceled—not enough civilian students for team University hosts Navy preflight program, Army Specialized Training More than 200 University of Georgia students die in war continued Training Allied Troops in Georgia SECTION 3 Continued...

27. NEXT Women in the Military Many female personnel based in Georgia, many as pilots Many women train at Georgia State College for Women, Milledgeville -now Georgia College & State University -campus trains WAVES in 1943; 15,000 women train there -WAVES—Women Appointed for Volunteer Emergency Service -learn naval procedures, clerical work; frees men for combat continued Training Allied Troops in Georgia SECTION 3

28. Section 4 The Impact of the War at Home The war has a tremendous impact on Georgians. NEXT

29. Social and Economic Impact of the War The Impact of the War at Home Life in Georgia Actual fighting far away; U-boats patrol U.S. coast sinking ships Georgians support U.S. involvement, find ways to help war effort -collection drives for scrap metal, rubber, paper, cooking oil -plant victory gardens for own food; farmers’ crops can go to troops War effort demands conservation, item rationing Families get monthly ration cards—coupon books for scarce items SECTION 4 Image Continued...

30. NEXT Racial Tensions Wartime changes cause racial friction as people travel to new areas Southern segregation puzzles Northern soldiers in South -some refuse to accept segregation laws, racial slurs Racial clashes across U.S.: New York, L.A., Detroit, other cities -problems on military bases, especially in South Some white Southern officers lead all-black units, creating tension continued Social and Economic Impact of the War SECTION 4 Continued...

31. NEXT Camp Stewart Riot Rumor spreads through Camp Stewart’s all-black barracks, June 1943 -rumor that a white soldier killed a black woman, riot erupts Some African-American soldiers arm themselves, head for gates -clash with white military police, open fire; one killed, one wounded continued Social and Economic Impact of the War SECTION 4

32. NEXT Trend Toward Industry Georgia is still largely agricultural during war Textiles are largest industry; food processing, lumber grow Coca-Cola benefits from war; wins military contract to supply drink -Coke bottlers open in Europe, Pacific South’s population decreases in first years of war, many go north Some Georgia cities grow; war starts industrial trend in Georgia Georgia’s Wartime Economy SECTION 4

33. NEXT Georgians Resume their Lives Couples separated by war keep in touch by writing letters The War Ends SECTION 4 Hoping for a Brighter Future Thousands of couples reunited after war, begin building futures Many women decide to raise families after working during war Many men go to college as new or returning students

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