1. DESIGNING A MEMORY EXPERIMENT Manipulation versus control Whose memory will we study? –Effects of age, gender, disorders, expertise What state are they in? –Arousal, mood, motivation What is the object of memory? –Verbal or nonverbal material –Simple or complex structure –Learned in the lab or elsewhere What are the conditions of presentation? –Visual, auditory or other modality –Number of presentations –Sequence of presentations –Time between presentations –Context of presentations

2. What will they do with the material? –Intentional or incidental instructions –Special encoding tasks Who gets what conditions? –Between-group or within-subject How long is the retention interval? –Immediate (STM, seconds to tens of sec) –Recent (LTM, minutes to hours) –Remote (LTM, months to decades) What is the memory task? –Explicit tests of memory Free or cued recall Recognition –Implicit tests of memory Repetition priming, fragment completion What attribute(s) do we test? –Identity, frequency, position, sequencing of items

3. MEASURING MEMORY: THE DEPENDENT VARIABLES Performance measures –Accuracy, speed of response Potential for speed-accuracy trade-offs Attention Condition FullDivided RT(ms)620540 errors (%) 4 6 –Types of errors omission, commission, distortions in recall Hits and false alarms in recognition Proportion “old” words High Low Hits.80.40 False Alarms.30.05 d’1.37 1.39

4. Subjective judgments –Confidence Is confidence correlated with accuracy? –Qualitative judgments (remember-know) Physiological markers –Measures of CNS: Blood flow Positron emission tomography (PET) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI, fMRI) –Measures of CNS: electromagnetic activity Electroencephalography (EEG, ERP) Magentoencephaolography (MEG) Optical imaging (EROS) –Measures of ANS activity Galvanic skin responses (GSR) Muscular activity (EMG) Heart, respiration rate

5. Explicit versus Implicit Memory for Spoken Words (Jacoby 83) Study task: Read, no contextXXX – COLD NC Read, contexthot - COLD C Generate wordhot - XXX G NCCG Recognition Prob (hit).56.71.78 Perceptual Identification Priming.23.14.07