1. Reaction Products

2. Simple … But So Effective Reactions 1 - Precipitations 2 - Acid/Base3 - Redox

3. 1 - Precipitation Reactions - Solubility Rules - All salts containing _____ are soluble 1. Na +, K +, NH 4 + (Cation Rule) 2. NO 3 -, C 2 H 3 O 2 -, ClO 3 - and ClO 4 - 3. Halides, except Group I (Ag +, Pb 2+, Hg 2 2+ ) 4. Sulfates, except Group I, Ba 2+ and Sr 2+ 5. Everything else is insoluble - The Exception

4. 2 – Acid/Base Reactions Strong Acids/Weak Acids Strong Acids/Weak Acids Strong Bases/Weak Bases Strong Bases/Weak Bases Br Ø nsted-Lowry Patterns Br Ø nsted-Lowry Patterns –SA/SB –SA/WB –WA/SB –WA/WB Phantom Molecules Phantom Molecules Anhydrides Anhydrides Hydrolysis Hydrolysis Lewis Acid/Bases Lewis Acid/Bases

5. Strong Acids and Bases Strong Acids … (Brown-LeMay) Strong Acids … (Brown-LeMay) –HCl, HI, HBr –H 2 SO 4 (first ionization) –HNO 3 –HClO 3 –HClO 4 Strong Bases … (Brown-LeMay) Strong Bases … (Brown-LeMay) –LiOH –NaOH –KOH –RbOH –CsOH –Ca(OH) 2 –Ba(OH) 2 –Sr(OH) 2

6. Br Ø nsted-Lowry Patterns Strong Acid + Strong Base Strong Acid + Strong Base  H 3 O + + OH -  H-OH + H 2 0 Strong Acid + Weak Base Strong Acid + Weak Base  H 3 O + + BOH  H-OH + H 2 0 +B - Weak Acid + Strong Base Weak Acid + Strong Base  HA + OH -  H-OH + A- Weak Acid + Weak Base Weak Acid + Weak Base  HA + BOH  H-OH + BA

7. Phantom Molecules ‘Unstable Products’ H 2 SO 3  H 2 O + SO 2 H 2 SO 3  H 2 O + SO 2 H 2 CO 3  H 2 O + CO 2 H 2 CO 3  H 2 O + CO 2 NH 4 OH  H 2 O + NH 3 NH 4 OH  H 2 O + NH 3

8. Anhydrides Acidic Anhydrides Acidic Anhydrides –Oxides of a Nonmetal –SO 2 + H 2 O  H 2 SO 3 Basic Anhydride Basic Anhydride –Oxides of a Metal –CaO + H 2 O  Ca(OH) 2 Acid Anhydride + Base Anhydride  Acid Anhydride + Base Anhydride  –Salt –CaO + SO 3  CaSO 4 Add Heat to … CaO + SO 3  CaSO 4 Add Heat to … CaO + SO 3  CaSO 4 –Reverses the Reaction

9. Hydrolysis NaCl + H 2 O … NaCl + H 2 O … –Na + + Cl - + H 2 O  Na + + OH - +H + +Cl - –H 2 O  H + + OH - NaF + H 2 O … NaF + H 2 O … –F - + H 2 O  HF + OH - NH 4 + + H 2 O … NH 4 + + H 2 O … –NH 4 + + H 2 0  H 3 0 + + NH 3 NH 4 C 2 H 3 O 2 + H 2 O … NH 4 C 2 H 3 O 2 + H 2 O … –NH 4 C 2 H 3 O 2 + H 2 O  NH 4 OH + HC 2 H 3 O 2

10. Lewis Acids/Bases BF 3 + NH 3  BF 3 + NH 3  Lewis Diagram … Lewis Diagram … F HF HF HF H FB:N H FB:N H F HF HF HF H BF 3 + NH 3  F 3 B-NH 3 BF 3 + NH 3  F 3 B-NH 3 Complex Ions Complex Ions –Double the cation charge (except Al – use 4) –Cu 2+ + NH 3  [Cu(NH 3 ) 4 ] 2+

11. 3 – Redox Reactions Elemental Forms Elemental Forms –2 … H 2, N 2, O 2, F 2, Cl 2, Br 2, and I 2 –‘Horses Need Oats For Clean Brown Iyes’ –3 … O 3 –4 … P 4 and As 4 –8 … S 8 Ions in Solution Ions in Solution Combustion Combustion Electrolysis Electrolysis –Fused Salt –Ions