1. 1 Emotions as Foundations for Social Behavior zEmotions as social signals yfacial expressions xuniversal xserve as signals to influence behavior ythe happy smile xsee often when socially engaged xnot as often when not socially engaged zEmotional contagion yspread of mood from one person to another ygroup laughter & group playfulness

2. 2 Self-Conscious Emotions zEmotions linked to thoughts about the self or one’s own actions ypride, guilt, shame, embarrassment zGuilt as a motivator of relationship repair yfocuses attention on others’ feelings zShame as a motivator of social withdrawal yfocuses attention on real or imagined flaw in ourselves

3. 3 Self-Conscious Emotions zEmbarrassment yinadvertent violation of social norm yreceipt of unexpected or undesired attention yfunction is communicative value zPride ydirectly opposite to shame yattention focused on own beauty and successes yincreases self-esteem ymotivates us to promote social acceptance

4. 4 Social Pressure zSet of psychological forces exerted on an individual by other people or by the individual’s beliefs about other people

5. 5 Lewin’s Field Theory zField of forces that push or pull us in certain directions zSome internal zwishes/desires zSome external zsocial pressure Person The life space Force 3 Force 4 Force 1 Force 2 Goal 1Goal 2

6. 6 Latane’s Social Impact Theory yWant to identify factors that increase/decrease social pressure yWish to predict the impact of social pressure at any given time xnumber of sources xstrength of a source ximmediacy of a source

7. 7 Impression Management z How we present ourselves to others ytend to try to look better than we really are ywant to look good, modest, sincere – we are intuitive politicians ywe also tend to engage in more impression management with new acquaintances than with old friends

8. 8 Self-Monitoring zAttention paid to the impressions being made, then fine tuning the performance yhigh self monitors xwatch themselves vigilantly xconstantly modify behavior ylow self monitors xless vigilant xmore consistent from audience to audience zDifferences between cultures

9. 9 Facilitating/Interfering Effects of an Audience zDo we do better in groups or alone? zSocial facilitation yenhancing effect of an audience on task performance xoccurs with well-learned tasks zSocial interference (social inhibition) ydecline in performance when observers are present xoccurs with new or difficult tasks

10. 10 Zajonc’s Theory zLinked social interference and facilitation to arousal level zHigh arousal improves simple or well-learned tasks zHigh arousal worsens complex or poorly-learned task Worsened performance of nondominant responses (social Interference) Improved performance of dominant responses (social facilitation) Increased drive or arousal Presence of others

11. 11 Deindividuation zSocial loafing ywhen behavior is not monitored, performance goes down xe.g., group projects zDeindividuation ysense of reduced accountability and shifted attention away from the self that occurs in groups yresponsible for riots, lynchings, gang rapes, and other group violence

12. 12 Following Others’ Examples – Conformity zAdopting attitudes or behaviors of others because of pressure to do so ythe pressure can be real or imagined z2 general reasons for conformity yinformational influence xother people can provide useful and crucial information ynormative influence xdesire to be accepted as part of a group leads to that group having an influence

13. 13 Asch’s Experiments on Conformity zWhen? y1951 zPrevious research had shown ypeople will conform to others’ judgments more often when the evidence is ambiguous zAsch set out to prove that people will not conform when evidence is clear-cut or unambiguous yhis question - will people still conform when group is clearly wrong?

14. 14 Asch’s Experiments on Conformity zAll but 1 in group was confederate zSeating was rigged zAsked to rate which line matched a “standard” line zConfederates were instructed to pick the wrong line 12/18 times Comparison lines Standard lines 1 2 3

15. 15 Asch’s Experiments on Conformity zResults yAsch found that 75% participants conformed to at least one wrong choice ysubjects gave wrong answer (conformed) on 37% of the critical trials zWhy did they conform to clearly wrong choices? yinformational influence? ysubjects reported having doubted their own perceptual abilities which led to their conformance – didn’t report seeing the lines the way the confederates had

16. 16 Asch’s Experiments on conformity zVariations to test informational influence hypothesis yhad subject come late yconfederates voted out loud, but subjects wrote their vote down zResults yconformity dropped significantly zSuggests that the original subjects conformed due to normative influences, not informational

17. 17 Effects of a Nonconformist zIf everyone agrees, you are less likely to disagree zIf one person disagrees, even if they give the wrong answer, you are more likely to express your nonconforming view zAsch tested this hypothesis yone confederate gave different answer from others yconformity dropped significantly

18. 18 Summary zEmotions & Social behavior yemotions are social signals & regulators of behavior yself-conscious emotions zSocial Pressure yLewin’s Field Theory yLatane’s Social Impact Theory

19. 19 Summary zImpression Management yhow we present ourselves to others yself-monitoring zAudience Effects yfacilitating vs. inhibiting zConformity yAsch’s experiments yeffects of nonconformists