1. DNA

2. Week 2 Review 1.Draw and label a diagram showing the cell membrane. 2.Define Osmosis 3.Define Active and Passive Transport 4.Describe the difference between diffusion and facilitated diffusion

3. DNA- the basics Nucleus of cell Double Helix Nucleotides- sugar phosphate group attached to a nitrogenous base – Guanine – Adenine – Thymine – Cytosine Gold Coast Always Together

4. DNA - the double helix Wellcome Images – Peter ArtymiukWellcome Images – Oliver Burston

5. The ladder model If the helix was untwisted it would look like a ladder. The side rails of the ‘ladder’ are made of alternating molecules of phosphate and a five- carbon sugar (ribose). The rungs of the ladder are paired nitrogen bases.

6. The DNA backbone The two side rails of the ladder run in opposite directions, which can be identified by the end of the rail which is either a three base (3’) end, or a five base (5’) end. [ 3 & 5 refer to the carbon atoms in the sugar molecule that form a bond with the adjoining phosphate.] One strand runs from 3’ to 5’ and the opposite strand, from 5’ to 3’.

7. Nucleotides are the structural units of DNA and consist of one phosphate molecule, one sugar molecule and one nitrogen base. NIH - National Human Genome Research Institute Nucleotide Base pair Backbone

8. H H A H A T T C G P P P P S S S S S S G P S Nucleotide Nitrogen base Pentose sugar Phosphate P P T P S 3' 5' 3' 5' A nucleotide C CC C C O 5' 4' 3'2' 1' OH

9. The nitrogen bases Each “rung” of the DNA ladder is formed from two nitrogen bases. There are four bases – adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).

10. The base pairing rule The base adenine always bonds with thymine (A-T), and cytosine always bonds with guanine (C-G).

11. The structure of the double helix Wellcome Images - Pete Jeffs

12. The base pairs In DNA, cytosine and guanine are bound together by 3 hydrogen bonds, whereas adenine and thymine are bound by 2 hydrogen bonds. NIH - National Human Genome Research Institute

13. The base pairs Wellcome Images - Pete Jeffs

14. DNA- the basics Sections contain genes which control the proteins a cell can make DNA taken out of nucleus to Ribosomes in cytoplasm- site of protein synthesis Proteins made of chains of amino acid

15. Proteins Structure Transport Communication Cell Metabolism Recognition Movement

16. Enzymes Metabolic Catalysts Made of Proteins Thus controlled by DNA

17. Protein Synthesis (PS) The Genetic Code Transcription Translation

18. PS- The Genetic Code Type of Protein cell can make determined by genes Different genes activated in different cells DNA molecules consist of two chains of alternating sugar and phosphate groups linked by pairs of nitrogen bases 4 bases, G, C, A and T- their order determines genetic code

19. PS- The Genetic Code Triplet- three bases that code for a particular amino acid Order of triplets determines order amino acids combine thus determining protein

20. The twenty standard amino acids AlanineAlanine (Ala) ArginineArginine (Arg) AsparagineAsparagine (Asn) Aspartic acidAspartic acid (Asp) CysteineCysteine (Cys) Glutamic acidGlutamic acid (Glu) GlutamineGlutamine (Gln) GlycineGlycine (Gly) HistidineHistidine (His) IsoleucineIsoleucine (Ile) LeucineLeucine (Leu) LysineLysine (Lys) MethionineMethionine (Met) PhenylalaninePhenylalanine(Phe) ProlineProline (Pro) SerineSerine (Ser) ThreonineThreonine (Thr) TryptophanTryptophan (Trp) TyrosineTyrosine (Tyr) ValineValine (Val)

21. Write the Genetic code for this protein.

22. PS- Transcription Transcription is the process by which the mRNA is formed using the code in a DNA molecule Triggered by chemical messengers that enter the nucleus from the cytoplasm and bind to the DNA at the relevant gene.

23. PS- Transcription

24. RNA polymerase then transcribes (copies) the bases on one strand of the DNA to make a complementary molecule of mRNA A-U G-C Uracil (U) is used on RNA instead of Thymine Termination sequence tells RNA polymerase to stop copying- mRNA released

25. PS- Transcription Template strand- strand being copied Coding strand- strand containing code Intron- non coding sequence Exon- coding sequence Introns must be removed so RNA can be used to assemble amino acids into proteins Codon- 3 base pairs that code for a particular amino acid

27. PS- Translation Translation is the production of a protein using the information that is coded in the mRNA molecule Takes place in ribosomes in the cytoplasm Ribosome attaches to specific binding site on mRNA Ribosome moves along mRNA 3 bases at a time looking for start codon- AUG

28. PS- Trasnlation tRNA bring individual amino acids to Ribosome to be joined to make proteins tRNA anticodon- complementary base pairs on tRNA that interact with mRNA tRNA anticodon determines amino acid carried by tRNA

29. PS- Translation The amino acids carried by the tRNA are joined together so the protein is assembled with the amino acids in the correct sequence. For each bond formed between the amino acids, the energy from the breakdown of one ATP molecule is required Once the tRNA has delivered its amino acid it detaches from the ribosome and can then pick up another amino acid from the cytoplasm.