1. Warm up for 9/21/15 2 nd block Why was Mansa Musa considered important to African history? 3 rd block: Name one American law (or right) that can be traced back to ancient Rome. 4 th block: Name one great African civilization and why they are important to World history today.

2. Agenda 2 nd and 4 th blocks: New seating arrangements and new goals. 3 rd block: Your project is due Thursday/Friday. Test corrections and schedule your retakes after school.

3. Test corrections 2 nd and 4 th blocks: You all have textbook now. You need to take home your answer sheets, make corrections, and bring them with you to your retest. Remember the highest you can get on a retake is a 78/C. Formal grades are worth 70% of your overall grade for this class.

4. Western African Civilizations: Ghana, Mali, & Songhai

5. Bantu Group of people who originally live in West Africa – Migrated in search of fertile land – Spread their knowledge of farming, ironworking, & LANGAUGE across the continent – Today almost 1/3 of Africans speak a language derived from the Bantu

6. Ghana The first of the West African trading kingdoms – Through weapon making technology (iron smelting), Ghanaian warriors expanded boundaries Gained control over trade routes

7. Ghana Gold Salt Trade – Location! Location! Location! Ghana was located in the midway between Saharan salt mines and tropical gold mines – Caravans of Muslim merchants brought goods, which Ghanaian people exchanged for gold Trade conducted via the silent trade Muslims brought their religion to the people of Ghana

8. Mali Mansa Musa – Devout Muslim king Bases legal and justice system on the Qur’an – Makes hajj to Mecca, but stops in Egypt first Gives Egypt so much gold that the value of gold declines for 10 straight years Traveled with 12,000 servants each wearing silk & carrying gold bars, which were given to the poor

9. Mali Mansa Musa – Brings back Islamic scholars and architects to Mali – Has Timbuktu built – Timbuktu Center of learning and art Increased Islamic influence in West Africa – Use of credit – Written contracts – Education for many classes

10. Timbuktu

12. Ibn Battuta Moroccan born traveler and explorer – Travel the Islamic world from North Africa to China – Spent 30 years traveling – His primary source writings inform historians about the Muslim world in Africa

13. Songhai The largest of the 3 major West African kingdoms Took control of Timbuktu Expanded trade to Europe and Asia – Time of great cultural diffusion Askia Muhammad sets up high functioning bureaucracy – 5 provinces each with A governor Tax collector Judges (Like Mansa Musa, had laws based on Qur’an) Trade inspectors

16. The East African Kingdoms: The Shona of Great Zimbabwe & Axum

17. Axum (Aksum) Religions – Christianity made the official religion after shipwrecked Syrians introduced it – However… Both Axumites & Egyptians viewed Jesus differently than Rome – Jesus was completely divine. Not human; 100% godly – Started a new Christian Church  THE COPTIC CHURCH

18. Axum Religions – Muslim merchants brought trade and Islam Christian and Muslim merchants fought over control of trade routes – In order to ensure Islam did not spread into Axum Government reorganized to extend into outlying areas Monasteries built to teach the Coptic Christian faith Built churches – More churches per square mile in Ethiopia than any other country in the world today

19. Axum Architecture – Used stone instead of mud bricks to construct buildings (unique for this part of the world) – Stelae  obelisk shaped pillars built to celebrate king’s conquests and Axum’s greatness

20. Axum

21. The Shona of Great Zimbabwe Rise to Power – Originally derived wealth from herds of cattle Then found gold in central part of kingdom – Location, Location, Location Like Ghana located between trading posts, but on Indian Ocean Evidence of trade with Syria, and Persia

22. The Shona of Great Zimbabwe The Great Enclosure – Massive wall 4-stories high and 15 feet thick – Protected the king – Stonework so precise that no mortar was needed

25. The Shona of Great Zimbabwe Cities – Consisted of two parts Residences for the elite – Homes made of stone Residences for the commoners – Homes made of mud and thatch

26. The Shona & Great Zimbabwe Disappearance – Left the Great Enclosure for reasons unknown Historians best guess… – Cattle overgrazed and the Shona need to find new land to feed it’s people

27. Independent Work 2 nd block Group 1 Grab your textbook Eliana Daryll Juan Matthew Natalia Tyuna Hung Angel Sebastian Stanesha Kiersten Linzy Camri Shamar Group 2 Grab a computer Khamees William Yaricel Victoria Jennifer Jasmin Sophie Aracelly Massa Daniel Phuong Nhu Jair Molly Albreanna Claire

28. 4 th block Group 1 Grab a laptop Brandon Reanna Acadia Kayla Layla Trinh Joshua Dylan Group 2 Grab your textbook Everyone Else

29. Those that are working with the text…. Remember elders taught family and community traditions, history and values with songs, dances, and stories. Chose a realistic subject that would have been common to an African family or community. Write down a lesson you would like to pass on to the family or village about this subject. Create a poem, song, or story to convey this lesson. Once you are done please let me know.

30. Those working with computers… The salt-for-gold trade created great wealth in West African kingdoms, and salt is still a valuable commodity to sub-Saharan peoples. Conduct research about the significance of the salt trade to various African cultures. I would suggest you search such key words as “cultural survival” and the “salt trade”. Create an annotated bibliography to accompany your research. Be sure to include a brief summary of the continuing importance of salt to indigenous people.