2. What is a Mineral? Naturally-formed solid substance with a crystal structure Naturally-formed solid substance with a crystal structure Pyromorphite

3. How do minerals form? 1) Cooling of magma (hot, liquid rock and minerals inside the earth (from the mantle)) 1) Cooling of magma (hot, liquid rock and minerals inside the earth (from the mantle)) Fast Cooling = No Crystals (mineraloids) Fast Cooling = No Crystals (mineraloids) Medium Cooling = small crystals Medium Cooling = small crystals Slow Cooling = large crystals Slow Cooling = large crystals

4. How do minerals form? 2) Elements dissolved in liquids (usually water) 2) Elements dissolved in liquids (usually water)

5. What do all minerals have in common? All: 1. Are formed by natural processes. 2. Are NOT alive and NEVER were alive 3. Have a definite volume and shape 4. Are elements or compounds with a unique chemical makeup 5. Are made up of particles that are arranged in a pattern that is repeated over and over (called a CRYSTAL)

6. Minerals are identified by their key characteristics hardness hardness crystal shape (form) crystal shape (form) luster luster color color streak streak cleavage/fracture cleavage/fracture density (specific gravity) density (specific gravity) special properties - -reaction to acid -- fluorescence -- salty taste -- magnetism special properties - -reaction to acid -- fluorescence -- salty taste -- magnetism

7. Mineral Hardness Ability to scratch another mineral Ability to scratch another mineral Mohs scale from 1 (talc) to 10 (diamond) Mohs scale from 1 (talc) to 10 (diamond) Quartz (most common mineral and most dust particles) is 7 Quartz (most common mineral and most dust particles) is 7 http://mineral.galleries.com/minerals/elements/diamond/diamond.htm

8. Crystal Shape (Form) External structure due to internal arrangement of the atoms External structure due to internal arrangement of the atoms Six basic groups of shapes, with about three dozen variations Six basic groups of shapes, with about three dozen variations http://www.minerals.net/mineral/carbonat/aragonit/aragoni1.htm

9. Luster Describes how light reflects off the surface Describes how light reflects off the surface Main categories are “metallic” and “non- metallic” Main categories are “metallic” and “non- metallic” Non-metallic includes “dull,” glassy,” waxy,” “pearly,” and othershttp://www.m inerals.net/mineral/s ulfides/pyrite/pyrite2.htm Non-metallic includes “dull,” glassy,” waxy,” “pearly,” and othershttp://www.m inerals.net/mineral/s ulfides/pyrite/pyrite2.htm http://www.minerals.net/mineral/sulfides/pyrite/pyrite2.htm

10. Color Color results from ability to absorb some wavelengths and reflect others results from ability to absorb some wavelengths and reflect others some minerals have characteristics colors some minerals have characteristics colors others vary due to chemical differences or impurities (atoms mixed inside the main elements) others vary due to chemical differences or impurities (atoms mixed inside the main elements) http://www.minerals.net/mineral/carbonat/calcite/images/4assortd.htm

11. Streak Color of the powder when rubbed on a “ streak plate ” (unglazed porcelain) Color of the powder when rubbed on a “ streak plate ” (unglazed porcelain) May be same as hand-specimen or different May be same as hand-specimen or different Some paint is based on powdered minerals (streaks). Some paint is based on powdered minerals (streaks). http://www.minerals.net/mineral/oxides/hematite/hematit6.htm

12. Mineral cleavage/fracture Some minerals split along flat surfaces when struck hard--this is called mineral cleavage Some minerals split along flat surfaces when struck hard--this is called mineral cleavage Other minerals break unevenly along rough or curved surfaces--this is called fracture Other minerals break unevenly along rough or curved surfaces--this is called fracture A few minerals have both cleavage and fracture A few minerals have both cleavage and fracture

13. Density (Specific Gravity) All minerals have density (mass / volume), but some are very dense All minerals have density (mass / volume), but some are very dense Examples include galena, magnetite, and gold Examples include galena, magnetite, and gold Specific Gravity is the density of the mineral compared with density of water Specific Gravity is the density of the mineral compared with density of water http://www.minerals.net/mineral/elements/gold/gold1.htm

14. Special Characteristics-- the “Acid Test” Carbonates react with dilute HCl and other acids by fizzing or bubbling (releasing CO2 gas) Carbonates react with dilute HCl and other acids by fizzing or bubbling (releasing CO2 gas)

15. Special Characteristics-- Fluorescence Some minerals will glow when placed under short-wave or long-wave ultraviolet rays Some minerals will glow when placed under short-wave or long-wave ultraviolet rays Franklin and Ogdensburg NJ are famous for their fluorescent minerals Franklin and Ogdensburg NJ are famous for their fluorescent minerals http://www.sterlinghill.org/Tour%20information.htm

16. Special Characteristics-- Salty Taste DO NOT TASTE MOST MINERALS! DO NOT TASTE MOST MINERALS! Halite is the exception--it will taste salty Halite is the exception--it will taste salty http://mineral.galleries.com/scripts/item.exe?LIST+Minerals+Halides+Halite

17. Special Characteristics-- Magnetism Many iron minerals will produce an invisible magnetic force field Many iron minerals will produce an invisible magnetic force field “Lodestone” was used by Vikings more than 1,000 years ago as compasses “Lodestone” was used by Vikings more than 1,000 years ago as compasses http://www.minerals.net/mineral/oxides/magnetit/magneti4.htm

18. Groups of Minerals Minerals are grouped by the elements they are made of. Minerals are grouped by the elements they are made of. Amethyst Beryl (Emerald) Calcite

19. Mineral Group CharacteristicsExamples Silicates Contain oxygen & silica Contain oxygen & silica The most abundant group of minerals The most abundant group of minerals Quartz, mica MICA Quartz

20. Mineral Group CharacteristicsExamples Non-Silicates Make up only 5% of the Earth ’ s crust Make up only 5% of the Earth ’ s crust Include some of the most important minerals Include some of the most important minerals iron, copper, gold, silver, diamonds, rubies Silver Gold Ruby Iron Copper Diamond

21. Mineral Group CharacteristicsExamples Carbonates Carbon & oxygen and a positive ion, such as calcium Carbon & oxygen and a positive ion, such as calcium Calcite (CaCO 3 ) Calcite with Duftite inclusions

22. Mineral Group CharacteristicsExamples Oxides  Metallic ion and oxygen Hematite (Fe 2 )O 3

23. Mineral Group CharacteristicsExamples Sulfides  Sulfur and a metallic ion Galena (PbS)

24. Mineral Group CharacteristicsExamples Sulfates  Metallic ion, Sulfur & oxygen Barite (BaSO 4 ) Barite on Calcite BaSo4 / CaCO3 Barite BaSo4

25. Mineral Group CharacteristicsExamples Native Elements  Single elements Gold (Au), Diamond (C), Silver (Ag)

26. Videos on Minerals https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8a7p 1NFn64s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8a7p 1NFn64s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8a7p 1NFn64s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8a7p 1NFn64s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rTXS wnkieZc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rTXS wnkieZc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rTXS wnkieZc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rTXS wnkieZc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- f9wrB5-yEY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- f9wrB5-yEY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- f9wrB5-yEY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- f9wrB5-yEY