1. Cellular Chemistry (1) Unit 2

2. THE PERIODIC TABLE

3. A table of chemical elements. Invented by Russian chemist: Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869 – To show the recurring periodic trends in the properties of the elements.

4. THE PERIODIC TABLE Widely used in chemistry, biology, physics, engineering – to classify, systemize, and compare chemical behavior There have been many models. The current standard form has 118 elements.

5. Start With Atoms All substances consist of atoms An element is a substance that contains only one type of atom

6. Start With Atoms Atoms – Are the fundamental building-block particle of matter Life’s unique characteristics start with the properties of different atoms

7. Subatomic Particles and Their Charge Atoms differ in numbers of subatomic particles – Atoms consist of electrons moving around a nucleus of protons and neutrons

8. Subatomic Particles and Their Charge Charge – Electrical property of some subatomic particles – Opposite charges attract; like charges repel Electron (e - ) – Negatively charged subatomic particle that occupies orbitals around the atomic nucleus

9. Subatomic Particles in the Nucleus Nucleus – Core of an atom, occupied by protons and neutrons Proton (p + ) – Positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of all atoms Neutron – Uncharged subatomic particle found in the atomic nucleus

10. Different Elements: Different Types of Atoms Element – A pure substance that consists only of atoms with the same number of protons – The element oxygen contains only oxygen atoms etc. Atomic number – Number of protons in the atomic nucleus – Determines the element

11. Elements in Living Things The proportions of different elements differ between living and nonliving things Some atoms, such as carbon, are found in greater proportions in molecules made only by living things – the molecules of life

12. Why Electrons Matter Electrons travel around the nucleus in different orbitals (shells) – atoms with vacancies in their outer shells tend to interact with other atoms – Atoms get rid of vacancies by gaining or losing electrons, or sharing electrons with other atoms Shell model – Model of electron distribution in an atom

13. Fig. 2-3 (top), p. 22 Shell Models

14. Fig. 2-3 (a-c), p. 22 1 proton 1 2 1 electron first shellhydrogen (H)helium (He) A) The first shell corresponds to the first energy level, and it can hold up to 2 electrons. Hydrogen has one proton, so it has one vacancy. A helium atom has 2 protons, and no vacancies. The number of protons in each shell model is shown. 6 8 10 second shellcarbon (C)oxygen (O)neon (Ne) B) The second shell corresponds to the second energy level, and it can hold up to 8 electrons. Carbon has 6 protons, so its first shell is full. Its second shell has 4 electrons, and four vacancies. Oxygen has 8 protons and two vacancies. Neon has 10 protons and no vacancies. 111718 third shellsodium (Na)chlorine (Cl)argon (Ar) C) The third shell, which corresponds to the third energy level, can hold up to 8 electrons, for a total of 18. A sodium atom has 11 protons, so its first two shells are full; the third shell has one electron. Thus, sodium has seven vacancies. Chlorine has 17 protons and one vacancy. Argon has 18 protons and no vacancies. Shell Models

15. Ions The negative charge of an electron balances the positive charge of a proton in the nucleus Changing the number of electrons may fill its outer shell, but changes the charge of the atom Ion – Atom that carries a charge because it has an unequal number of protons and electrons

16. Fig. 2-4, p. 23 Sodium atom 11 11p + 11e – charge: 0 electron loss Sodium ion 11p + 11 charge: +1 10e – Chlorine atom 17 17p + 17e – charge: 0 electron gain Chloride ion 18e – 17 17p + charge: –1 Ion Formation

17. From Atoms to Molecules Atoms can also fill their vacancies by sharing electrons with other atoms A chemical bond forms when the electrons of two atoms interact Chemical bond – An attractive force that arises between two atoms when their electrons interact

18. From Atoms to Molecules Molecule – Group of two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds Compound – Type of molecule that has atoms of more than one element All compounds are molecules; but not all molecules are compounds!

19. Referring to a Molecule

20. Ionic Bonds and Covalent Bonds Depending on the atoms, a chemical bond may be ionic or covalent Ionic bond – A strong mutual attraction formed between ions of opposite charge Covalent bond – Two atoms sharing a pair of electrons

21. An Ionic Bond: Sodium Chloride

22. Covalent Bonds Molecular hydrogen (H—H) and molecular oxygen (O=O)

23. Hydrogen Bonds Hydrogen bond – Attraction that forms between a covalently bonded hydrogen atom and another atom taking part in a separate covalent bond

24. Importance of Hydrogen Bonds Hydrogen bonds form and break more easily than covalent or ionic bonds – they do not form molecules Hydrogen bonds impart unique properties to substances such as water, and hold molecules such as DNA in their characteristic shapes