1. DO NOW: Write 2 Level Two Questions for Chemistry NTK

2. SEPTEMBER 17 PROPERTIES OF WATER DO NOW: Homework Check in Learning Target: Explain the properties of water that make life on Earth possible Lesson: Notes on Water Homework: Bozeman Video on water (see Link) and complete water and the fitness of the environment.

3. Acids, Bases and pH One water molecule in 550 million naturally dissociates into a Hydrogen Ion (H+) and a Hydroxide Ion (OH-) Hydrogen Ion Hydroxide Ion Acid Base Acid Base H 2 O  H + + OH -

4. The pH Scale concentration of H + ionsIndicates the concentration of H + ions 0 – 14Ranges from 0 – 14 7 is neutralpH of 7 is neutral 0 up to 7 is acidpH 0 up to 7 is acid … H + above 7 – 14 is bpH above 7 – 14 is basic… OH - 10XEach pH unit represents a factor of 10X change in concentration pH 3 is 10 x 10 x 10 (1000) stronger than a pH of 6pH 3 is 10 x 10 x 10 (1000) stronger than a pH of 6

5. Acids Strong Acids have a pH of 1-3Strong Acids have a pH of 1-3 Produce lots of H + ionsProduce lots of H + ions

6. Bases Strong Bases 11 to 14Strong Bases have a pH of 11 to 14 lots of OH - ionsContain lots of OH - ions and fewer H+ ions

7. Buffers Weak acids or bases that react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH (neutralization).Weak acids or bases that react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH (neutralization). Produced naturally by the body to maintain homeostasisProduced naturally by the body to maintain homeostasis Weak Acid Weak Base

8. http://www.johnkyrk.com/H2O.html

9. Chapter 4~ Carbon & the Molecular Diversity of Life Slide shows combined and modified from: http://gbs.glenbrook.k12.il.us/Academics/gbssci/bio/apbio/Lecture/lecture.htm; http://www.explorebiology.com/

11. Organic chemistry is the study of CARBON compounds Can form FOUR stable covalent bonds at same time (=tetravalence) Common partners = O, H, N

12. 4 covalent CARBON BONDS form a shape called a TETRAHEDRON Tetrahedron modified from: http://faculty.uca.edu/~johnc/mole1440.htm

13. Images from: http://www.school-for-champions.com/science/chemhydrocarbon.htm TETRAVALENCE makes large complex molecules with a variety of shapes possible http://nrr.georgetown.edu/NRR/struc,actv.html

14. AP Biology by Campbell and Reese; ©Benjamin Cummings 2005

15. Hydrocarbons Only carbon & hydrogen (Ex: petroleum; lipid ‘tails’) Covalent bonding; nonpolar High energy storage http://www.world-petroleum.org/education/petref/index.html

16. Carbon compounds Skeleton may have single or double bonds http://telstar.ote.cmu.edu/Hughes/tutorial/cellmembranes/

17. AP Biology by Campbell and Reese; ©Benjamin Cummings 2005

18. ISOMERS- compounds that have the same number of atoms but different structures

19. STRUCTURAL isomers differing covalent bonding arrangement C 6 H 12 O 6 http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html http://217.60.75.10/llt/biokemi/images/galactose.jpg

20. GEOMETRIC isomers - differ in arrangement around a DOUBLE BOND trans- form cis- form http://www.chemguide.co.uk/basicorg/isomerism/geometric.html

21. Be Careful! Single bonds can rotate!... it’s still the same stuff http://www.chemguide.co.uk/basicorg/isomerism/geometric.html

22. ENANTIOMER isomers - differ in arrangement around a ASYMMETRIC carbon... Mirror images AP Biology by Campbell and Reese; ©Benjamin Cummings 2005

27. Functional Groups Hydroxyl Group Ex: alcohols polar (oxygen); soluble in water Names typically end in -ol Ex: Ethanol

28. Functional Groups Carbonyl Group KETONE: within carbon skeleton ALDEHYDE: at end of carbon skeleton

29. GLUCOSE is an ALDEHYDE FRUCTOSE is a KETONE http://61039206.sinagirl.com/carbohydate.JPG http://web1.caryacademy.org/chemistry/rushin/StudentProjects/CompoundWebSites/1999/Sucrose/sucrose_structure.gif GLUCOSE FRUCTOSE

30. Functional Groups Carboxyl Group Ex: carboxylic acids; polar

31. Functional Groups Amino Group Called: amines Ex: amino acids (have both amino & carboxyl groups) http://dl.clackamas.cc.or.us/ch106-05/common.htm

32. H | R -C -COO- | +NH 3 Functional Groups Amino Group Can act as a base and pick up a H + ion Carboxyl Group can act as an acid and give up a H + ion

33. Functional Groups Sulfhydral Group Called: thiols http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Disulfide_bridge.htm

34. DISULFIDE BRIDGES Disulfide bridges stabilize protein structure http://www.britannica.com/ebc/art-3207/Conformation-of-lysozyme LYSOZYME

35. Functional Groups Phosphate Group phosphate ion Makes molecule negatively charged Can store & transfer energy ~ ATP

36. Functional Groups METHYL Group Makes molecule more NON-POLAR METHYLATION: Adding methyl groups to DNA “turns off” genes http://students.cis.uab.edu/rmeghana/methylation.html

37. BUILDING BIOMOLECULES http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/biokit/chnops.h tml