1. Egyptian Civilization
“Egypt, is wholly the gift of the Nile” – Greek historian Herodotus
Looking at these pictures, what do you think Herodotus meant by his statement?

2. A. The Nile Valley
Human settlement almost entirely along Nile River.
Nile floods spread fertile silt, good for agriculture (“Black Land”).
Beyond river valley was dry, sun-baked desert (“Red Land”).
Two Main Regions:
Upper Egypt = Southern area (plateau)
Lower Egypt = Northern area (delta)
Pharaoh Menes unites these separate regions into one kingdom ~ 3100 B.C.E.

3. B. Egypt’s Old Kingdom
B.C.E. – 2200 B.C.E. 2. Monarchy: pharaohs and royal family held all power. 3. Achievements: Pyramids (tombs for rulers & royal families) 4. Problems: power struggles, crop failures, and the expense of pyramid-building.

4. C. Egypt’s Middle Kingdom
B.C.E. to 1800 B.C.E.
2. Achievements: large river drainage project to create more farmable land, conquest & settlement of gold-rich Nubia
3. Problems: Corrupt government led to political rebellions, Nile River didn’t flood regularly, invasions by the Hyksos.

5. D. Egypt’s New Kingdom 1. 1550 B.C.E. to 1100 B.C.E.
2. Powerful rulers: Queen Hatshepsut (trade) and Ramses II (conquest).
3. Achievements: building of long-distance trade networks and military conquests.
4. Problems: invasions by Hittites, Assyrians, Persians, Greeks and Romans.

6. Egyptian Civilization: Part II

8. Rulers Tutankhamen, 18-yr. old king of the New Kingdom.
Ramses II, powerful king who expanded Egyptian rule.
Akhenaton, rebelled against Amon-Re worship.

9. Gods & Goddesses
Anubis
Horus
Isis & Osiris

10. Entrance to a burial tomb.
Architecture
Abu Simbel Temple entrance.
Entrance to a burial tomb.

11. Pyramids of Giza, built during the Old Kingdom.
Temple for Queen Hatshepsut,
female pharaoh.

12. Food & Drink
The large amount of grains produced in Egyptian field led to the making of bread.
Early Egyptians regularly made & drank beer.
Egyptians also cultivated grapes to make wine.

14. Job Specialization: Artisans

15. List of hieroglyphic symbols.
Language
List of hieroglyphic symbols.
The Rosetta Stone – a tablet with a phrase written in hieroglyphics, demotic, and Greek.
Hieroglyphic Carvings

16. Leisure Hunting along the Nile.
Senet was a very popular game in Egypt.
Music & dancing were appreciated in all levels of Egyptian society.

17. Death
A mummy was stored in a sarcophagus, which was richly decorated with prayers & tools for the afterlife.
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Canopic jars held the stomach, intestines, lungs, & liver. The heart was left in the body for the afterlife.
It was believed that Anubis had a specific process that must be followed for mummification.
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