2. Cell Lecture By Mrs. Schmit

3. What are Cells?  The basic unit of life.  All living things are composed of cells

4. Prokaryotes  Very simple  no “true nucleus”  Almost everything functions in the cytoplasm Still make proteins and have DNA Usually smaller more primitive Often Bacteria

5. Eukaryotes  have a nucleus  Larger, more advanced  Can be unicellular like bacteria, protists or multicellular like animals, plants

6. The Cell Theory  All living things are made of cells.  Cells come from other cells (Cell Division).  Cells are the smallest working units of living things.

7. What allowed us to see cells?  The Microscope invented by Anton Von Leeuwenhoek  Name cell came from Robert Hooke in 1665

9. Levels of Organization celltissueorgan Organ system OrganismPopulationsCommunitiesEcosystemBiosphere

10. Cell Diversity  Not all cells are alike. They vary in size, shape and internal organization.  Your body contains over 300 different cell types

11. Internal Organization  Cells contain a variety of internal structures called organelles (organs of the cell).  Organelles are cell organs that perform a specific function  Many of these organelles contain their own membranes

12. Parts and Functions of Cell  Cell parts are often referred to as “ORGANELLES” “ORGANELLES” This is the Organ of a Cell See it in the word above?

13. Cytoplasm Cytoplasm

14. Cytoplasm  The “juice” of the cell.  The “right” environment for the chemical reactions of the cell.

15. Cell Membrane

16. Or phospholipid bilayer  The barrier between the cell and the environment.  Controls what gets in and out of a cell.  Building different membranes is one way different cell types are made.

17. Plant Cell Cell Wall

18. Plant Cell Key Feature? Tough, rigid CELL WALL Purpose is to keep organisms from penetrating the wall and getting inside the cell itself

19. Cell Wall  Made of cellulose.  Serves to give a firm structure to plants  Can’t poop? Eat more fiber (cellulose)

20. Nuclear Membrane  Membrane around nucleus.  Carefully controls what gets in and out.  Protects DNA!

21. Nucleus Nucleus

22. Nucleus  Membrane Bound*  Contains DNA (the genetic instructions that make you… you).

23. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) ER

24. Endoplasmic Reticulum, the ER  Smooth ER makes lipids.  Detoxifies blood and poisons in liver  used to make membranes

25.  Rough ER (ribosomes) makes proteins.  exports proteins or movement to different parts of cell ribosome

26. Golgi Body (Golgi Stack) Golgi

27. Golgi Body  Sorts proteins.  Sent to:  Secreted (released from cell)  Plasma Membrane  Membrane bound organelles. Pancreas? Secretes INSULIN. Not working? Diabetes.

28. Lysosome Lysosome

29. Lysosomes and peroxisomes  Membrane Bound*  Store or destroy waste.  Lysosomes are acidic, like your stomach.

30. Vacuole Vacuole

31. Vacuole  Large in plants.  Stores water

32. Chloroplasts Chloroplast

33. Chloroplasts  Membrane Bound*  Sunlight energy is converted to sugar.  Filled with chlorophyll, making plants GREEN!

34. Mitochondria Mitochondria

35. Mitochondria  Membrane Bound* (double membrane)  Sugar is BURNED, making ATP (Energy).  PLANTS and ANIMALS get their ENERGY HERE!!

36. Chromosomes  DNA, instructions for making proteins  Proteins manage the chemical reactions that are YOU! Plant or Animal Cell?

37. Ribosomes  Make proteins  In cytoplasm or studding the surface of the rough ER.

39. Compare Plant and Animal Cells  Look at your notes packet, What do you see are similar?  What are different?

40. Plant Cells Animal Cells Chloroplasts Centrioles Cell Wall Larger Vacuole

41. Composition of Cell Membrane Proteins Carbohydrates Phosphate heads Lipid tails Phospholipid Bilayer

42. or fluid mosaic model  Called this because the membrane is fluid  two layers of phospholipids  hydrophilic (or polar) head  two long, hydrophobic (or nonpolar) tails.  This means the heads like to be near water (face out) while the tails prefer to be away from water (face towards each other) This can be seen when oil (nonpolar) is mixed with water (polar)

43.  Building different membranes is one way different cell types are made.

44. Selectively Permeable http://www.indian a.edu/~p http://www.indian a.edu/~p hys215/lecture /lecnotes/lecgr aphics/diffusio n2.gif http://www.indian a.edu/~p http://www.ricochetprod.com/ elearning/membrane/semiper meable_membrane.html

45. Diffusion Movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration When molecules spread out to an even concentration

47. Concentration Gradient  Concentration difference on two sides of a barrier High Low

48. Equilibrium  An even concentration on both sides of the membrane

49. Examples  Perfume  Gas  Dye in water Ultimately the molecules want to create a balance or EQUILIBRIUM

50. Try This  In a diffusion situation:

51. Osmosis  Movement of water from a high to a low concentration, in an attempt to even out

52. Examples  Soaking rice in water – little water, lots of starch so water goes in. Wants to create an EQUILIBRIUM

54. Solve: 10 % Iodine 90% H 2 O 100 % Water 5 % Iodine 95% H 2 O 5% Iodine

55. Plasmolysis (type of osmosis) A special case involving osmosis and plants  When water is drawn out of the cell causing the cell membrane to shrink.

56. Active and Passive Transport Both provide movement within or between cells

57. Passive transport – takes NO energy. (like flowing downhill)  Only works from High to Low concentrations!  Channels – only let certain things through http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp05/0502001.html

59. Active transport – Requires energy! (like walking uphill)  proteins- Use energy (ATP) to move substances  channels – May transport two molecules one is being concentrated while other is diffusing (flowing from High to Low)

60. http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b- online/library/biology107/bi107vc/fa99/terry/images/ATPpum A.gif http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b- online/library/biology107/bi107vc/fa99/terry/images/ATPpum A.gif

61. Review

62. Endocytosis (UPTAKE)  A “bubble” of membrane pinches off  Moving large particles INTO the cell.

64. Exocytosis (secretion) – think opposite of endocytosis (like EXIT)  A “bubble” of membrane fuses with the cell membrane  Large particles move OUT of the cell. InsideOutside

65. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4gLtk8Y c1Zc&feature=related

66. Diabetes:  Pancreas produces insulin in response to amount of glucose (sugar) consumed by the person.  Activate insulin receptors to increase glucose uptake by activating the plasma membrane glucose transporters (GLUTs)

68.  These glucose transporters are then able to channel glucose from the blood into the cell.  If unable to activate insulin receptor then leads to diabetes type 2. Cells are unable to take up glucose.  Diabetes type 1 is caused by autoimmune destruction of the cells needed to produce the insulin in the pancreas.