1. Section 10.3 World History

2.  The late republic period saw growth of territory and trade.  Through wars, Rome grew beyond Italy.  Several crises struck the republic in its later years.

3.  Growth of Territory  Within 200 years the Roman army had conquered nearly all of Italy  Mainly in response to outside threats  The Gauls (387 BC)  Success was due to the organization of the army  Soldiers were organized into legions, or groups of up to 6,000 soldiers.  Each legion was divided into centuries, or groups of 100 soldiers.  Flexibility of the army allowed the Romans to defeat most enemies

4. http://www.explorethemed.com/Rome1.asp

5.  Farming and Trade  Before Rome conquered Italy, most Romans were farmers.  As Rome grew, people left farms for the city  Large farms were built and worked by slaves  Trade expanded due to Rome’s increasing population  Could not grow enough food  Merchants brought food, metal goods, and slaves to Rome  To pay for these goods, Romans made coinage

6. Gold Aureus of Roman Republic. c. 269 - 211 BCE. Obverse: Head of Mars. Reverse: Eagle on a thunderbolt. Silver Didrachms of the Roman Republic. 221 - 211 BCE. Obverse: Janiform head of Dioscuri. Reverse: Jupiter in galloping quadriga driven right by Victory.

7. A series of three wars against Carthage, a city in Northern Africa, between 264 and 146 BC. Punic means “Phoenician”

9.  War began on the island of Sicily  After almost 20 years, the Romans forced out their enemies and took control of the island  Attack on the city of Rome (218 BC)  Led by Hannibal, one of the greatest generals of the ancient world.  http://www.history.com/videos/hannibals-war- elephants#hannibals-war-elephants http://www.history.com/videos/hannibals-war- elephants#hannibals-war-elephants  Although one of the Roman’s fiercest enemies, he was never able to capture the city.  http://www.history.com/videos/hannibals-war- elephants#the-death-of-hannibal http://www.history.com/videos/hannibals-war- elephants#the-death-of-hannibal  Romans declare war on Carthage (140s BC)  After the victory, the Roman burned the city, killed most of its people, and sold the rest into slavery.  Took control of Northern Africa

10.  During the Punic Wars, Rome took control of Sicily, Corsica, Spain, and North Africa.  Controlled most of the western Mediterranean  Conquered the southern part of Gaul (120s BC)  Conquered Greece and parts of Asia  Romans were greatly influenced by the Greeks.  Adopted ideas about literature, art, philosophy, religion, and education.

11.  More territory = more problems  Rich were getting richer and the poor were getting poorer  Resulted in violence between the two  Brothers Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus tried to help poor Romans by creating farms and selling food cheaply  Purpose was to keep the poor happy and prevent rebellion.  Wealthy citizens opposed it and both Tiberius and Gaius were both killed for their ideas.

12.  In 107 BC, Marius encouraged poor people to join the army as more troops were needed.  Thousands of poor joined Rome’s army and the support gave Marius great political power  Sulla came into conflict with Marius and a civil war began in Rome.  Sulla defeated Marius and named himself dictator  Spartacus, a former gladiator, led thousands of slaves to fight for freedom.  Took over much of southern Italy  Was killed in battle and the revolt fell apart  6,000 slaves were executed