1.  G.Tecuci, Learning Agents Laboratory Learning Agents Laboratory Department of Computer Science George Mason University Gheorghe Tecuci tecuci@cs.gmu.edu http://lalab.gmu.edu/ CS 785, Fall 2001 (Part 2 of 2)

2.  G.Tecuci, Learning Agents Laboratory The object ontology for the COG domain Overview Recommended reading 1 2 3 Ontology development tools/modules

3.  G.Tecuci, Learning Agents Laboratory Disciple-RKF/COG identification agent The object hierarchy The feature hierarchy 1. The object ontology for the COG domain

4.  G.Tecuci, Learning Agents Laboratory Agent task Identify strategic Center of Gravity (CoG) candidates for a military scenario. Input A description of a military scenario, such as the World War II invasion of Sicily by the Anglo allies, in 1943. Output Strategic CoG candidates for each opposing force and its members (e.g. Anglo allies, US, Britain). The agent will also provide a detailed description of its lines of reasoning. Disciple-RKF/COG identification agent

5.  G.Tecuci, Learning Agents Laboratory The center of gravity of an entity (state, alliance, coalition, or group) is the foundation of capability, the hub of all power and movement, upon which everything depends, the point against which all the energies should be directed. Carl Von Clausewitz, “On War,” 1832. If a combatant eliminates or influences the enemy’s strategic center of gravity, then the enemy will lose control of its power and resources and will eventually fall to defeat. If the combatant fails to adequately protect his own strategic center of gravity, he invites disaster. The Center of Gravity (CoG) concept

6.  G.Tecuci, Learning Agents Laboratory Strategic COG candidates identified by the agent The will of the Anglo_allies_1943 is a strategic COG candidate for Anglo_allies_1943 which is an equal partner alliance The cooperation between the subgroups of Allied_forces_operations_Husky which conduct “combined and joint operations” is a strategic COG candidate for Anglo_allies_1943 President_Roosevelt is a strategic COG candidate for US_1943 which is a representative democracy and a member of Anglo_allies_1943 The “will of the people” of US_1943 is a strategic COG candidate for US_1943 which is a representative democracy and a member of Anglo_allies_1943 Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943 is a strategic COG candidate for US_1943 which is a member of Anglo_allies_1943 Army_of_Germany_1943 is a strategic COG candidate for for Germany_1943 which is a member of European_Axis_1943 … Identify the strategic COG candidates for the Sicily_1943 scenario

7.  G.Tecuci, Learning Agents Laboratory Overall organization Scenario Forces and goals The object hierarchy Economic factors Geographic factors Military factors Political factors Governing and controlling elements Civilization factors Other objects

8.  G.Tecuci, Learning Agents Laboratory Overall organization of the COG object ontology subconcept_of Force Scenario Strategic_ goal Force_goal Strategic_COG_relevant_factor Demographic_factor International_factor Psychosocial_factor Economic_factor Geographic_factor Historic_factor Military_factor Political_factor Other_relevant_factor Operational_ goal Civilization_factor resource_ or_ infrastructure_element

9.  G.Tecuci, Learning Agents Laboratory Opposing_force “WWII Allied invasion of Sicily in 1943” brief_description has_as_opposing_force description Sicily_1943 “The Allied decision to invade Sicily following the successful operation in North Africa was a critical element of World War II [WWII]. The commitment of such a large force to continue operations in the Mediterranean theater meant that the cross-channel invasion of Europe would be delayed. American military leaders strongly favored the cross-channel invasion at the earliest possible opportunity. This meant giving this invasion force first priority for troops, shipping and equipment. The British favored an indirect approach that would see a major effort continue in the Mediterranean. The Allies settled on the Mediterranean approach at the Casablanca conference in January 1943 and began planning for Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily. Situated ninety miles off the north coast of Africa and two and one-half miles from the toe of the Italian peninsula, Sicily was both a natural bridge between Africa and Europe and a barrier dividing the Mediterranean Sea. It was an unsinkable air and naval fortress from which Axis forces interdicted Allied sea lines of communications through the Mediterranean. …” Anglo_allies_1943 European_Axis_1943 Scenario Force Scenario has_as_opposing_force

10.  G.Tecuci, Learning Agents Laboratory Opposing_force Force Single_state_forceSingle_group_forceMulti_group_forceMulti_state_force Forces Anglo_allies_1943 European_Axis_1943 US_1943 Britain_1943 Germany_1943 component_state Italy_1943 component_state Group

11.  G.Tecuci, Learning Agents Laboratory Legal_group Legal_business_group Military_group_or_clan Clan_or_tribe Military_group_or_unit Para_military_group Military_clan Other_legal_group Group Illegal_group … Forces (continued)

12.  G.Tecuci, Learning Agents Laboratory Hate_group Extremist_group Separatists Terrorist_cellReligious_cult Personality_cult Crime_gang Crime_family Drug_cartel Vice_ring Illegal_group Profit_focused_illegal_groupPurpose_focused_illegal_groups Other_illegal_group Forces (continued)

13.  G.Tecuci, Learning Agents Laboratory Force goals has_as_strategic_goal has_as_operational_goal “The strategic goals of the US-British alliance in 1943 were to defeat Germany first while containing Japan, to keep Russia in the war on the side of the Allies, and the eventual unconditional surrender of all Axis countries. To accomplish these goals, US leaders favored an early, direct attack into northern Europe. …” “The operational goals of the Allies were to secure sea lines of communications in the Mediterranean Sea, divert German combat power from the Russian front, and knock Italy out of the war. …” Strategic_goal Strategic_goal_of_ Anglo_allies_1943 Operational_goal_of_ Anglo_allies_1943 Operational_goal description Force_goal Anglo_allies_1943

14.  G.Tecuci, Learning Agents Laboratory Economic factors Economic_factor Other_ economic_ factor Transportation_ Network_or_system Industrial_ authority Commerce_ authority Industrial_ Capacity Industrial_ Center Strategic_ Raw_ Material Transportation_ Center Information_ Network_or_system Transportation_ Factor Industrial_ factor Germany_1943 has_as_strategic_ raw_material Oil_chromium_ copper_and_bauxite_ of_Germany_1943 is_obtained_from is_critical_to_ the_production_of Balkans War_materiel_of _Germany_1943 Raw_material US_1943 is_a_major_generator_of war_materiel_and_ transports_of_ US_1943_ has_as_industrial_factor industrial_capacity_ of_US_1943

15.  G.Tecuci, Learning Agents Laboratory Geographic factors Geographic_factor Capital US_1943 has_as_capital Washington_DC has_as_other_geographic_ center_of_power Cheyenne_Mountain Geographic_center _of_power has_other_geographic_factor Place “The US has extremely long and external lines of communication. Some US forces deployed directly from the US for the invasion of North Africa and much of the shipping and naval forces for Sicily will come directly from the US for operation Husky.” Geographic_factor_of_US_1943 description

16.  G.Tecuci, Learning Agents Laboratory Single_state_forceSingle_group_forceMulti_state_forceMulti_group_force Multi_state_allianceMulti_state_coalitionMulti_group_allianceMulti_group_coalition Equal_partners_ multi_state_alliance Dominant_partner_ multi_state_alliance Equal_partners_ multi_state_coalition Dominant_partner_ multi_state_coalition Composition_of_forces Equal_partners_ multi_group_alliance Dominant_partner_ multi_group_alliance Equal_partners_ multi_group_coalition Dominant_partner_ multi_group_coalition Multi_member_forceSingle_member_force Military factors Anglo_allies_1943 European_ Axis_1943 Military_factor Other_military_factor

17.  G.Tecuci, Learning Agents Laboratory Anglo_allies_1943 Multi_group_force Allied_forces_operation_Husky has_as_primary_force_element Equal_partner_multi_state_alliance type_of_operations has_as_subgroup US_7 th _Army_(Force_343) Group “combined and joint operations” has_as_subgroup Br_8 th _Army_(Force_545) has_as_subgroup Western_Naval_TF has_as_subgroup Eastern_Naval_TF has_as_subgroup US_9 th _Air_Force has_as_subgroup Northwest_Africa_Air_Force US_1943 component_state Single_state_force Britain_1943 component_state Military factors (cont.)

18.  G.Tecuci, Learning Agents Laboratory European_Axis_1943 Multi_group_force Axis_forces_Sicily has_as_primary_force_element Dominant_partner_multi_state_alliance type_of_operations has_as_subgroup German_Ground_Forces_Italy Group “combined and joint operations” has_as_subgroup Italy_16 th _Army has_as_subgroup German_Naval_Forces_Italy has_as_subgroup Italy_Naval_Forces has_as_subgroup German Air Forces Italy Germany_1943 component_state Italy_1943 component_state Military factors (cont.) has_as_dominant_partner Single_state_force has_as_other_military_factors “…”

19.  G.Tecuci, Learning Agents Laboratory Political_factor Other_political_factor Political factors Type_of_governing_bodyControlling_element

20.  G.Tecuci, Learning Agents Laboratory Feudal_god_ king_government Totalitarian_ government Democratic_ government Theocratic_ government State_government Military_ dictatorship Police_ state Religious_ dictatorship Representative_ democracy Parliamentary_ democracy Theocratic_ democracy Monarchy Governing_body Other_state_ government Dictator Deity_figure Chief_and_ tribal_council Autocratic_ leader Democratic_ council_ or_board Group_governing_body Other_ group_ governing_ body Political factors: type of governing body Government_ of_Italy_1943 Government_ of_Germany_1943 Government_ of_US_1943 Government_ of_Britain_1943

21.  G.Tecuci, Learning Agents Laboratory Controlling_element Political factors: Controlling element Controlling_leader Controlling_organization Controlling_group Political_leader Military_leader Religious_leader Para_military_ group_leader Clan_leader CEO Dominant_clan_leader Political_cabinet_ or_staff Military_staff Religious_body Conventional_ law_enforcement_ organization Secret_police Ruling_political_party Other_controlling_element Other_ controlling_ leader God_king Monarch

22.  G.Tecuci, Learning Agents Laboratory Governing and controlling elements Representative_ democracy Parliamentary_ democracy has_as_political_leader has_as_political_cabinet_or_staff has_as_ruling_political_party has_as_political_leader has_as_political_cabinet_or_staff has_as_ruling_political_party Democratic_ government has_as_dominant_ psychosocial_factor “will of the people” has_as_dominant_psychosocial_factor {“will of the people” “will of the parliament”} President_Roosevelt has_as_primary_controlling_element_of US_1943 Winston_Churchill has_as_governing_body has_as_dominant_psychosocial_factor “will of the people” Government_ of_US_1943 Government_ of_Britain_1943 … … has_critical_role_in_ setting_objectives_for has_critical_role_in_ decision_making_for … … …

23.  G.Tecuci, Learning Agents Laboratory has_as_military_leader has_as_political_cabinet_or_staff has_as_ruling_political_party Police_ state has_as_political_leader has_as_secret_police has_as_conventional_law_enforcement_organization Adolph_Hitler Nazi Party Gestapo Political_leader Governing and controlling elements (cont.) has_as_other_controlling_element Government_ of_Germany_1943 … … … …

24.  G.Tecuci, Learning Agents Laboratory Civilization factors Civilization_factor Type_of_civilizationOther_civilization_factor Industrial_civilizationInformational_civilizationPre_industrial_civilization Civilization_of_US_1943 instance_of Has_as_civilization US_1943

25.  G.Tecuci, Learning Agents Laboratory Main_airport Main_seaport Sole_airportSole_seaport Strategically_essential_resource_ or_infrastructure_element Strategic_raw_material Strategically_essential_ goods_or_materiel War_materiel_and_transports Raw_material Strategically_essential_ infrastructure_element Resource_or_ infrastructure_element Product Farm- implements Other objects

26.  G.Tecuci, Learning Agents Laboratory Overall organization Informal descriptions Goals The feature hierarchy Component of Economic factors Controlling factors Geographic factors Other relevant factors

27.  G.Tecuci, Learning Agents Laboratory D: R: informal_specification D: R: any string has_as_force_goals D: Force R: any string … … has_as_component D: Force R: Single_state_force Group … has_as_opposing_force D: Scenario R: Force has_as_economic_factor D: Force R: Economic_factor … has_as_controlling_element D: Force R: Controlling_element … has_as_governing_body D: Force R: Type_of_governing_body has_as_type_of_civilization D: Force R: Type_of_civilization Overall organization of the feature hierarchy

28.  G.Tecuci, Learning Agents Laboratory D: R: … type_of_operations D: force R: {“independent operations” “joint operations” “combined operations” “combined and joint operations”} has_as_primary_force_element D: Force R: Force has_as_dominant_psychosocial_factor D: Force R: {“will of the people” “will of the parliament” “will of the religious body”} has_as_dominant_partner D: force R: force has_as_geographic_center_of_power D: Force R: Geographic_center_of_power has_as_additional_relevant_factor D: force R: any string … has_as_source_of_strength_and_power D: Force R: Strategic_COG-relevant_factor has_primacy_in D: Controlling_element R: Force Overall organization of the feature hierarchy (cont.)

29.  G.Tecuci, Learning Agents Laboratory controls D: Economic_factor R: Resource_ or_infrastructure_element is_obtained_from D: Product Raw_material R: Place is_critical_to_the_production_of D: Strategic_raw_material R: Product produces D: Industrial_authority R: Product is_a_major_generator_of D: Economic_factor R: Product D: R: has_as_strategic_raw_material D: Force R: Strategic_raw_material Overall organization of the feature hierarchy (cont.)

30.  G.Tecuci, Learning Agents Laboratory brief_description D: R: any string description D: R: any string documentation D: R: any string informal_specification D: R: any string Informal descriptions

31.  G.Tecuci, Learning Agents Laboratory has_as_strategic_goal D: Force R: Force_goal has_as_operational_goal D: Force R: Force_goal has_as_force_goal D: Force R: Force_goal Goals

32.  G.Tecuci, Learning Agents Laboratory has_as_subgroup D: Force R: Group component_state D: Force R: Single_state_force has_as_component D: Force R: Single_state_force Group Component of

33.  G.Tecuci, Learning Agents Laboratory has_as_commerce_authority D: Force R: Commerce_authority has_as_strategic_raw_materials D: Force R: Strategic_raw_material has_as_information_network_or_system D: Force R: Information_network_or_system has_as_economic_factor D: Force R: Economic_factor has_as_transportation_factor D: Force R: Transportation_factor has_as_industrial_factor D: Force R: Industrial_factor … … Economic factors

34.  G.Tecuci, Learning Agents Laboratory has_as_industrial_authority D: Force R: Industrial_authority has_as_industrial_factor D: Force R: Industrial_factor has_as_industrial_center D: Force R: Industrial_center Economic factors (cont.)

35.  G.Tecuci, Learning Agents Laboratory has_as_transportation_network_or_system D: Force R: Transportation_network_or_system has_as_transportation_center D: Force R: Transportation_center has_as_transportation_factor D: Force R: Transportation_factor Economic factors (cont.)

36.  G.Tecuci, Learning Agents Laboratory has_as_controlling_leader D: Type_of_governing_body R: Controlling_leader has_as_controlling_group D: Type_of_governing_body R: Controlling_group has_as_other_controlling_element D: Type_of_governing_body R: Controlling_element has_as_controlling_organization D: Type_of_governing_body R: Controlling_organization has_as_controlling_element D: Type_of_governing_body R: Controlling_element … … … Controlling factors

37.  G.Tecuci, Learning Agents Laboratory has_as_controlling_leader D: Type_of_governing_body R: Controlling_leader has_as_monarch D: Type_of_governing_body R: Monarch has_as_god_king D: Type_of_governing_body R: God_king has_as_military_leader D: Type_of_governing_body R: Military_leader has_as_political_leader D: Type_of_governing_body R: Political_leader has_as_religious_leader D: Type_of_governing_body R: Religious_leader Controlling factors (cont.)

38.  G.Tecuci, Learning Agents Laboratory has_as_political_cabinet_or_staff D: Type_of_governing_body R: Political_cabinet_or_staff has_as_military_staff D: Type_of_governing_body R: Military_staff has_as_controlling_group D: Type_of_governing_body R: Controlling_group has_as_religious_body D: Type_of_governing_body R: Religious_body Controlling factors (cont.)

39.  G.Tecuci, Learning Agents Laboratory has_as_ruling_political_party D: Type_of_governing_body R: Ruling_political_party has_as_controlling_organization D: Type_of_governing_body R: Controlling_organization has_as_conventional_law_enforcement_organization D: Type_of_governing_body R: Conventional_law_enforcement_organization has_as_secret_police D: Type_of_governing_body R: Secret_police Controlling factors (cont.)

40.  G.Tecuci, Learning Agents Laboratory has_objective_setting_primacy_in D: Controlling_element R: Force has_decision_making_primacy_in D: Controlling_element R: Force has_primacy_in D: Controlling_element R: Force Controlling factors (cont.)

41.  G.Tecuci, Learning Agents Laboratory has_as_capital D: Force R: Capital has_as_other_geographic_center_of_power D: Force R: Other_geographic_center_of_power has_as_geographic_center_of_power D: Force R: Geographic_power Geographic factors

42.  G.Tecuci, Learning Agents Laboratory has_as_other_demographic_factor D: Force R: Demographic_factor has_as_other_economic_factor D: Force R: Economic_factor has_as_other_geographic_factor D: Force R: Geographic_factor has_as_other_historic_factor D: Force R: Historic_factor has_as_other_international_factor D: Force R: International_factor has_as_other_military_factor D: Force R: Military_factor has_as_other_political_factor D: Force R: Political_factor has_as_other_psychosocial_factor D: Force R: Psychosocial_factor has_as_additional_relevant_factor D: Force R: Strategic_COG_relevant_factor has_as_other_relevant_factor D: Force R: Other_relevant_factor Other relevant factors