1. The impact of spring breakup ice on stream channel morphology in northern New England By Jaime Craig

2. Distribution of Distribution of historic ice jam events in New England

3. Difficulty in studying ice breakup Hydrometric gauging stations are useless under icy conditions Water height isn’t a good representation of stream activity

4. Significance of river ice formation

7. Ice jam formation

9. Effect on sediment erosion Increase in turbidity Discharge during ice breakup is two to five times greater discharge during the open-water period. (Prowse, 1993) Increase to 291 mg/L (at 2,280 m 3 /sec) just before breakup and to a peak of 331 mg/L (2,480 m 3/ sec) during the final ice run. (Milburn and Prowse, 2000) Ice scouring

10. Andrew M. Tuthill, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Ice scouring

12. Tunbridge, VT, March 1999

13. Bridge collapse

14. References Beltaos, S. and A. Kääb, 2014: Estimating river discharge during ice breakup from near-simultaneous satellite imagery. Cold Regions Science and Technology, vol. 98, p. 35-46 Marsh, P., L. Lesack and A. Roberts, 1993: The environmental effects of ice jam flooding on lakes in the Mackenzie Delta. NHRI Symposium No. 12, p. 359-381. Marsh, P. and M. Hey, 1989: The flooding hydrology of Mackenzie Delta lakes near Inuvik, NW.T., Canada. Arctic, 42, p. 41-49. Pearce, C.M., 1991: Monitoring white spruce communities on the Mackenzie Delta with satellites. NHRI Symposium No. 4, National Hydrology Research Institute, pg. 107-120. Prowse, T.D., 1995: River ice processes. In Beltaos, S., ed. River ice jams. Highlands Ranch, CO, Water Resources Publications. Prowse, T.D., B.R. Bonsal, C.R. Duguay and M.P. Lacroix, 2007. River-ice break-up/freeze-up: a review of climatic drivers, historial trends and future predictions. Annals of Glaciology, v. 47, p. 443-451.