1. Dec Hex Bin
14 E
ORG ; FOURTEEN
Interrupts
In x86 PC

2. OBJECTIVES this chapter enables the student to:
Explain how the x86 executes interrupts by using the interrupt vector table and interrupt routines.
List the differences between interrupts and CALL instructions.
Describe the differences between hardware and software interrupts.
Examine the ISR for any interrupt, given its interrupt number.
Describe the function of each pin of the 8259 programmable interrupt controller (PIC) chip.

3. OBJECTIVES this chapter enables the student to:
(cont)
Explain the purpose of each of the four control words of the 8259 and demonstrate how they are programmed.
Examine the interrupts in x86 PCs.

4. When an interrupt is executed the processor:
14.1: 8088/86 INTERRUPTS
An interrupt is an external event that informs the CPU that a device needs its service.
In 8088/86 there are a total of 256 interrupts.
INT 00, INT 01, ..., INT FF (sometimes called TYPEs).
When an interrupt is executed the processor:
Saves the flag register (FR), instruction pointer (IP), and code segment register (CS) on the stack,.
Goes to a fixed memory location.
In x86, always four times the value of the interrupt number.

5. 14.1: 8088/86 INTERRUPTS interrupt service routine (ISR)
When an interrupt is invoked it is asked to run a program to perform a certain service.
There must be a program associated with every interrupt .
This program is commonly referred to as an interrupt service routine (ISR), and also called the interrupt handler.
When an interrupt is invoked, the CPU runs the interrupt service routine.

6. 14.1: 8088/86 INTERRUPTS interrupt service routine (ISR)
For every interrupt there are allocated four bytes of memory in the interrupt vector table.
Two bytes for the IP.
Two for the CS of the ISR.
These locations provide the addresses of the interrupt service routine for which the interrupt was invoked.
The lowest 1024 bytes of memory space are set aside for the interrupt vector table.

7. 14.1: 8088/86 INTERRUPTS interrupt service routine (ISR)

8. 14.1: 8088/86 INTERRUPTS differences between INT and CALL
What is the difference between…
INT instruction - which saves the CS:IP of the following instruction and jumps indirectly to the subroutine associated with the interrupt.
A CALL FAR instruction, which also saves CS:IP and jumps to the desired subroutine (procedure)?

9. 14.1: 8088/86 INTERRUPTS differences between INT and CALL
A "CALL FAR " instruction…
can jump to any location within the 1-megabyte address range of the 8088/86 CPU.
The "INT nn" goes to a fixed memory location in the interrupt vector table to get the address of the interrupt service routine.
is used in the program instructions, but an externally activated hardware interrupt can come in any time, requesting CPU attention.
cannot be masked (disabled), but "INT nn" belonging to externally activated hardware interrupts can be masked.
auto-saves only CS:IP of the next instruction on the stack.
"INT nn" saves FR (flag register) also.

10. 14.1: 8088/86 INTERRUPTS differences between INT and CALL
"INT nn" is a 2-byte instruction where the first byte is for the opcode & the second the interrupt number.
A maximum of 256 (INT 00 INT FFH) interrupts.
Some are used for software interrupts; some for hardware.

11. 14.1: 8088/86 INTERRUPTS categories of interrupts
Three x86 pins are associated with hardware interrupts...
INTR (interrupt request)
NMI (nonmaskable interrupt)
INTA (interrupt acknowledge)
INTR is a CPU input signal, which can be masked (ignored) & unmasked through use CLI and STI.
NMI, also an input signal into the CPU, cannot be masked and unmasked using CLI & STI.
For this reason, it is called a nonmaskable interrupt.

12. 14.1: 8088/86 INTERRUPTS hardware interrupts
INTR and NMI are activated externally by putting 5V on the x86 microprocessor NMI & INTR pins.
On activation of either interrupt, x86:
Finishes the instruction it is executing.
Pushes FR & CS:IP of the next instruction onto the stack.
Jumps to a fixed location in the interrupt vector table and fetches the CS:IP for the interrupt service routine (ISR) associated with that interrupt.
At the end of the ISR, IRET causes the CPU to get (pop) back its original FR and CS:IP from the stack.
Forcing the CPU to continue at the instruction where it left off when the interrupt came in.

13. 14.1: 8088/86 INTERRUPTS hardware interrupts
Intel has embedded "INT 02" in x86, only for NMI.
Whenthe NMI pin is activated, the CPU location to get the address (CS:IP) of the ISR.
Memory locations 00008, 00009, 0000A, and 0000B contain the 4 bytes of CS:IP of the ISR belonging to NMI.
There is no specific location in the vector table assigned to INTR.
Allowed to use any "INT nn" not previously assigned.
The 8259 programmable interrupt controller (PIC) chip can be connected to INTR to expand the number of hardware interrupts to 64.

14. 14.1: 8088/86 INTERRUPTS software interrupts
An ISR called as a result of execution of an x86 instruction such as "INT nn“ is referred to as a software interrupt.
As it was invoked from software, not external hardware.
DOS "INT 21H" function calls, and video interrupts "INT 10H".
Can be invoked in code like a CALL or other x86 instruction
Some of the interrupts are associated with predefined functions.

15. 14.1: 8088/86 INTERRUPTS software interrupts
INT 00 to INT 04 have predefined functions.
INT 00 (divide error)
INT 01 (single step)
INT 03 (breakpoint)
INT 04 (signed number overflow)
Interrupts INT 05 to INTFF can be used for either software or hardware interrupts.
Figure 14-1 Intel's List of Designated Interrupts for the 8088/86

16. 14.1: 8088/86 INTERRUPTS interrupts and the flag register
Two flag register bits are associated with interrupt:
D9, or IF (interrupt enable flag)
D8, or TF (trap or single step flag).
OF (overflow flag) can be used by the interrupt.

17. 14.1: 8088/86 INTERRUPTS processing interrupts
When 8088/86 processes any interrupt:
1. The flag register (FR) is pushed onto the stack & SP is decremented by 2, as FR is a 2-byte register.
2. The IF (interrupt enable flag) & TF (trap flag) are both cleared. (IF = 0 and TF = 0).
3. The current CS is pushed onto the stack and SP is decremented by 2.
4. The current IP is pushed onto the stack and SP is decremented by 2.

18. 14.1: 8088/86 INTERRUPTS processing interrupts
When 8088/86 processes any interrupt:
5. The INT number (type) is multiplied by 4 to get the physical address of the location within the vector table to fetch the CS and IP of the interrupt service routine.
6. From the new CS:IP, the CPU starts to fetch and execute instructions belonging to the ISR program.
7. The last instruction of the interrupt service routine must be IRET, to get IP, CS, and FR back from the stack and make the CPU run the code where it left off.

19. 14.1: 8088/86 INTERRUPTS software interrupts
INT 00 to INT 04 have predefined functions.
INT 00 (divide error)
A conditional or exception interrupt.
Invoked by the processor when there are conditions (exceptions) the CPU is unable to handle.
INT 00 invokes by when there is an attempt to divide a number by zero.
INT 00 is also invoked if the quotient is too large to fit into the assigned register when executing a DIV.

20. 14.1: 8088/86 INTERRUPTS software interrupts
INT 00 to INT 04 have predefined functions.
INT 01 (single step)
Intel designated INT 01 specifically for implementation of single-stepping instructions for program tracing.
The trap flag (TF), D8 of the flag register, must be set to 1.
After execution of each instruction, 8088/86 jumps to physical location to fetch CS:IP of the interrupt service routine.

21. 14.1: 8088/86 INTERRUPTS hardware interrupts
INT 00 to INT 04 have predefined functions.
INT 02 (nonmaskable interrupt)
All Intel x86 processors have a pin designated NMI, an active-high input, and has reserved INT 02 for NMI.
When the NMI pin is activated by a high (5V) signal, the CPU jumps to physical memory location to fetch the CS:IP of the ISR routine associated with NMI.

22. 14.1: 8088/86 INTERRUPTS software interrupts
INT 00 to INT 04 have predefined functions.
INT 03 (breakpoint)
Intel has set aside INT 03 for the implementation of breakpoints in software engineering.
A breakpoint is used to examine CPU and memory after the execution of a group of instructions.
INT 3 is the fact is a 1-byte instruction.

23. 14.1: 8088/86 INTERRUPTS software interrupts
INT 00 to INT 04 have predefined functions.
INT 04 (signed number overflow)
Invoked by signed number overflow, & associated with the INTO (interrupt on overflow) instruction.
If instruction INTO is placed after a signed number arithmetic or logic operation such as IMUL or ADD, the CPU will activate INT 04 if OF = 1.
If OF = 0, INTO is is bypassed, acting as a NOP (no operation) instruction.