1. NCHRP 20-07 Task 303  DIRECTORY OF SIGNIFICANT TRUCK SIZE AND WEIGHT RESEARCH AASHTO Subcommittee on Highway Transport June 29, 2011

2. MOTIVATION Decision-makers are challenged to identify/utilize state of knowledge from truck size and weight research Extensive volume of related research, dating back nearly 80 years Breadth of related topic areas including infrastructure preservation, enforcement, safety, congestion, environment, industry costs, modal share, etc. Diverse interests of public and private sponsoring agencies/ organizations

3. OBJECTIVE To develop a “directory” of significant truck size and weight research that is brief, well-organized, and neutral Address the breadth of all related topic areas Consider research performed by various sponsoring agencies Be organized topically with embedded cross-references directing readers to additional findings NOT be inclusive of all related research Only essential information will be included. Each finding will be carefully cited to support additional information gathering.

4. TECHNICAL APPROACH Task 1:Distinguish Relevant, Significant, Useful Research from Body of Research Timeliness Soundness of the methodology Scope and comprehension Conducted in response to an expressed need Task 2:Extract Key Research Findings Methodological strengths or shortcomings that may influence validity of findings Trends or commonalities among publications that suggest a higher level of confidence Conflicting findings that challenge decision-making Task 3:Produce Final “Directory of Significant Truck Size and Weight Research”

5. PROJECT PROGRESS TOPIC  Infrastructure Preservation - Pavements Draft - May 2011  Infrastructure Preservation - Bridges  Modal Share  Enforcement Draft - Jun 2011  Highway Safety  Highway Geometrics Industry Costs Economic Impacts Infrastructure Financing Highway Congestion Environment Public Opinion

6. PRELIMINARY FINDINGS Infrastructure Preservation – Pavements Higher axle weights can significantly increase pavement damage/costs –3-4 exponent power for flexible –11-33 exponent power for semi-rigid/rigid Higher GVWs spread over more axles do not increase pavement damage and can even result in cost savings Multi-axle groups are –Less damaging than single axles for flexible pavements –Unconfirmed for rigid pavements Increased axle spacing within a group –Increases fatigue damage to flexible pavement –Decreases damage to rigid pavements

7. PRELIMINARY FINDINGS Infrastructure Preservation – Pavements Pavement damage/costs vary by road classification and pavement design –Example: 5-axle, 80,000 lb tractor semitrailer causes $0.09 damage/mile on rural Interstate Highways $5.90 damage/mile on rural local roads Pavement damage/costs vary seasonally; potential for damage is highest during the spring

8. PRELIMINARY FINDINGS Infrastructure Preservation – Bridges Bridge safety concerns –Overstress—bridge has inadequate load-bearing capacity to accommodate loads (focus of research) –Fatigue—bridge suffers from reduced life attributable to repeated loadings (generally limited to steel structures/ bridge decks) Bridge stress –Is affected more by total load than number of axles; GVWs >80,000 lb can be used without excessive stress –Increases with axle group weight –Decreases with separating distance except on some continuous bridges with long spans

9. PRELIMINARY FINDINGS Infrastructure Preservation – Bridges Bridge upgrade costs may be exaggerated –Includes existing deficiencies –Assume full replacement over cost-effective alternatives Strengthening the bridge (when viable) Restricting select truck configurations indefinitely along non-essential routes Federal Bridge Formula has been criticized for –Setting overly cautious limits for shorter truck weights –Allowing too much extra weight with additional axles –Allowing trucks that could overstress continuous spans (originally considered stresses on simple-span bridges)

10. PRELIMINARY FINDINGS Modal Share Complex, profit-driven, economic relationships –Increased truck limits lead to lower truck transport costs –Industry competition and regulatory pressure translates lower costs into lower transport rates –Rail industry must either match lower rates or lose freight traffic—in either instance, rail revenues will decline Estimates of traffic diversion/rail revenue losses are highly variable and sensitive to –Regional commodity movement/infrastructure conditions –Extent of truck payload capacity increases –Evaluation assumptions

11. PRELIMINARY FINDINGS Modal Share Shippers consider price and service –Rail service is almost always less expensive –Truck service offers faster, door-to-door delivery –For low-value commodities—such as coal, grain, or chemicals—price is often a priority over service Highest levels of modal competition exist for –Intermodal operations with combined truck/ rail transport –Carload operations that utilize boxcars

12. PRELIMINARY FINDINGS Enforcement Challenged to accurately relate enforcement and compliance –Reliable estimates of illegal activity are lacking –Wide divergence in U.S. enforcement practices Higher enforcement levels generally associated with higher compliance –Violation rates for fixed Interstate weigh stations <1% when enforcement is present 15% when it is not –Violation rates along bypass routes and/or using mobile enforcement are higher in frequency (30%) and magnitude

13. PRELIMINARY FINDINGS Enforcement A combination of fixed and mobile enforcement can be most effective A greater reliance on technology provides increased spatial/temporal coverage Laws/regulations that are complex or contain numerous exceptions challenge enforcement and subsequent prosecution

14. PRELIMINARY FINDINGS Highway Safety Larger, heavier trucks can affect highway safety by –Increasing/decreasing truck traffic volumes –Changing vehicle design/performance –Causing a shift to alternate road classifications with higher/ lower crash rates Interstates/Turnpikes are generally safer irrespective of truck size or weight Inadequate crash/exposure data limit ability to relate truck size and weight to highway safety

15. PRELIMINARY FINDINGS Highway Safety Larger, heavier trucks generally have –Lower crash rates (attributable to fewer truck trips) –Higher crash severities –Same or slightly higher crash risk based on vehicle handling and stability characteristics Double trailer trucks prone to rearward amplification Higher centers of gravity increase potential for rollover or ramp-related crashes Truck configuration findings are inconsistent –Double trailer trucks have higher/lower/same crash rates and severities –LCVs have higher/lower crash rates and severities; recent research suggests superior safety performance

16. PRELIMINARY FINDINGS Highway Geometrics Design features most affected –Horizontal curves –Intersection turning radii –Passing sight distance –Sight distance at intersections/railroad grade crossings –Ramp interchanges Increased trailer lengths increase vehicle off-tracking Wider trucks on rural 2-lane highways elicit undesirable/unsafe actions by oncoming drivers Upgrade costs are highly variable and depend upon –truck configuration –extent of roadway network to be redesigned

17. NEXT STEPS TOPICSTATUS Industry Costs In progress (Jul 2011) Economic Impacts Infrastructure Financing Highway Congestion Forthcoming (Aug 2011) Environment Public Opinion Final Directory of Truck Size and Weight Research Forthcoming (Aug 2011)

18. QUESTIONS