1. CHAPTER 2, SECTION 4 AFRICA: SHAPED BY ITS HISTORY Independence and its Challenges Textbook pages 57-63

2. Key Terms Nationalism: a feeling of pride in one’s homeland; a group’s identity as members of a nation. Pan-Africanism: the belief that all Africans should work together for their rights and freedom. Boycott: a refusal to buy or use certain products or services. Democracy: a government over which citizens exercise power.

3. Objectives 1. Learn about the growth of nationalism in Africa. 2. Find out about the effects of WWII on Africa on the growing independence movement. 3. Examine the different challenges faced by African nations on their paths to independence.

4. Causes and Effects of African Independence After “the scramble for Africa”, many Africans dreamed of independence.

5. Nationalism inspired political parties in South Africa and British West Africa.

6. Poverty is not an accident. Like slavery and apartheid, it is man- made and can be removed by the actions of human beings. Nelson Mandela

7. Pan-Africanism promoted “Africa for Africans”.

8. Many African colonies Liberia and the Belgian Congo) helped the Allies during World War II, and thousands of soldiers fought and died. They were also inspired to seek freedom for their own nations.

9. Challenges of Independence: The new leaders were not prepared to govern Africa. As a result of this, African military leaders took control of the government by force. Military governments do not rule fairly. Example of military regime: Because of continuing political and military struggles, Sudan was seized in a bloodless coup d’ etat by colonel Omar al-Bashir in 1989, who thereafter proclaimed himself President of Sudan.